Satire Essay AP Language Essay Example

Satire Essay AP Language Paper False ethos would be making it seem like a person or a product has credibility and authority when it really does not even exist. This shows up multiple times throughout this satire. The Onion uses credible people to sell the product such as Dry. Arthur Blunt This is false ethos because he is not a real doctor, yet some people might believe what he is saying because his title is Dry. (Line 9). It also has statements from another man that has the title of Dry. named Dry. Wayne Franken (Line 41), which ivies the product false ethos appeal as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Satire Essay AP Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Satire Essay AP Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Satire Essay AP Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then the Onion uses reviews from different costumers that have used the Manganese product and uses their good reviews on the product as an ethos appeal. Some of the reviews stated I twisted my ankle something awful a few months ago, and the pain was so bad, I could barely walk a single step, said Helene Kuhn of Edison, NJ. But after wearing Mismanages for seven weeks, Eve noticed a significant decrease in pain and can now walk comfortably. Just try to prove that Mismanages didnt heal me! (Line 56). This review s meant for ethos because it shows that this so called product actually works and that actual people have used it. The author added where this woman was from to make it seem more real and it worked. But the issue is that with a twisted ankle, that usually heels within a few weeks so she said she wore the product for seven weeks and felt a significant difference but it could have Just been the natural heeling process, not the Mismanages. Also before this review was put down in this writing, the author states that that Mismanages were released less than a week ago (Line 2). This proves that it is false ethos because Helene Kuhn said she had been wearing them for seven weeks, yet the product was Just released a few weeks ago. False logos is another appeal that appears in this satire writing. This shows up towards the end right before the reviews, but this is what gives away the whole satire. The doctor that did research on this product states Special resonator nodules implanted at key spots in Mismanages convert the wearers own energy to match the Earths natural vibration rate of 32. 805 Californians. What gives away the falseness of his statement is the type of measurement called Californians (Line 48). This is obviously false because the name of the doctor doing the research is Dry. Wayne Franken so the audience can see that he made this unit of measurement up and named it after himself. At first it seems like a legitimate thing but then it says Californians and the audience can clearly notice. The purpose of this is to make it so the reader Just sees research and numbers to make it seem believable but then give almost confuse and trick the reader. By using this appeal, it makes it seem as though his product is fancy and it is well known and researched thoroughly. Some Jargon used is pseudoscience (Line 5). This is fake science but if the reader did not know the prefix pseudo meant, then they most likely will be even more convinced that this product is legitimate. Another place where Jargon is shown is when Dry. Arthur Blunt states Its patented Magna- Grid design, which features more than 200 geometrically aligned Contour points, actually soothes while it heals, restoring the foots natural bio flow (Line 1 1) This is Jargon, or technical language because as a reader, and not any rotor of scientist, it is very hard to understand what this statement actually means. Yet, since this statement is coming from a doctor, it is actually believable especially from a students prospective, there is nothing at first that blatantly shows that this is a satire and the product is not real. Although there are many appeals used in this satire to try to make it seem like this product is a real thing, there are some things that give away the fact that Mismanages are fake. Some of the things are when the author states that there is pseudoscience (Line 5). This gives it away if the reader nows that the definition of pseudo means fake. It basically is saying, fake science. That is one thing that gives the satire away. Another thing is when the author states According to scientific-sounding literature This shows that the product fake and that the author is unsure of whether or not this product and research is actually scientific. There are many other types of appeals and fallacies that give this away throughout the reading but between them are hidden appeals that make this product seem real at the same time, and that is how the author gets the reader.

The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte

The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte Free Online Research Papers Napoleon Bonaparte was best known as the ruler of France. Not only was he this, but he was King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, he is considered by many to be one of the best military commanders that ever lived. His rise, reign, and fall marked the end of the Monarchy in France, and the start of a Republic. Napoleon was born in Ajaccio the capital of Corsica, a small island off the coast of France. At the age of 16 he became a commissioned second lieutenant in an artillery regiment on mainland France. After spending a few years back in Corsica he eventually attained the rank of Artillery Commander. He got his big break while commanding a republican government force at Toulon. His unorthodox way of commanding proved to be immensely successful as Toulon was successfully defended. The committee of public safety noticed how well he commanded the battle and promoted Bonaparte to Brigadier-General. During the time he was a general he led successful campaigns in Italy, Lombardy, The Papal States, and most noticeably Egypt; where he took a group of 167 scientists, mathematicians, naturalists, and chemists. This team made many important discoveries such as the Rosetta Stone. After all the success Bonaparte had outside the country he launched a successful Coup d’Ã ©tat of the provisional government set up by the French Consulate, and shortly thereafter pronounced himself Emperor of the French. Less than a year after his successful coup Bonaparte made his second campaign to Italy, which had been conquered by the Austrians while Napoleon was in Egypt. Although the battle started badly Napoleons forces eventually routed the Austrians in June at the Battle of Marengo leading to an armistice. After successfully re-taking Italy he was crowned King of Italy. In 1802 the British signed the treaty of Amiens, Which led to peace between Britain and France. The peace between the two rivals was short lied however, as the British opposed France’s annexation of Piedmont, and Napoleons Act of Mediation in Switzerland. By 1805 the British had started to lead a coalition force that included Russia and Austria against France. Bonaparte was able to hold back 4 of these coalitions until his campaign into Russia. In June of 1812 Bonaparte’s invasion of Russia began. The campaign was ill-fated from the start as Russia used the scorched earth tactic so that the French army found it very difficult to meet their basic needs. The Russian army was quick to withdraw from the border, and eluded battle with Napoleon’s army for most of their retreat until they reached Moscow. When the French army had taken Moscow their numbers had greatly diminished, as the army had started with over 650,000 frontline troops, but the scorched earth tactic, and the long Russian winter took it’s toll on the French, as only 40,000 troops made it back to France. After the French defeat in the Russian campaign Prussia joined a new coalition against France which included Russia, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal. Initially Bonaparte had great success causing almost 100,000 casualties with the French sustaining only 30,000. As Napoleon’s success grew so did the opposing coalition, after the Battle of Dresden Sweden and Austria joined the force opposing the French. The coalition now had a force of 500,000 soldiers compared to 100,000 of the French Army. Realizing he faced imminent defeat Bonaparte abdicated in favor of his son. The coalition force took Paris in March of 1814. With the French royalists gaining power and the coalition against Napoleon Louis XVIII was returned to power, and Napoleon was exiled to Elba a small island in the Mediterranean 20 km off the coast of Italy. He ran the island as a small country, with a small army and navy and the establishment of mines and improving farmland. After 100 days in exile he escaped Elba in February of 1815 and returned to France after he had gathered a force of 140,000 soldiers and 200,000 volunteers. He sent his army to Waterloo for an epic battle with the British. His inability to survey the battlefield because of hemorrhoids was one of the defining factors in the British victory. After being captured by the Duke of Wellington while trying to escape to the United States he was exiled to Saint Helena, a small British held territory off the west coast of Africa where he lived until his death in 1821. His cause of death is unknown. In his autopsy the coroner stated that he had died of stomach cancer, but a study of his body done in 2001 revealed that the levels of arsenic in his body where 38 times the normal amount. Some view Napoleon as a great leader of France, his military tactics and Napoleonic code are still used today with modern armies. He set the stage for a diplomatic governing body of France, and he won the respect of the French nation. Research Papers on The Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringAmerican Central Banking and OilThe Story of Beatrix PotterA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantGene One the Transition from Private to PublicWhat are Stock OptionsBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettThe Equal Rights AmendmentExempt vs Non-Exempt Employees

8 interview questions when applying to a call center -The JobNetwork

8 interview questions when applying to a call center -The JobNetwork Whether they take orders or offer customer service, call centers are all fairly similar. So there are a number of common questions you can expect to be asked when interviewing for a call center job. Here are 8 to anticipate, along with some suggestions for how to answer them. 1. â€Å"Can you tell me about yourself?†How to Answer It: Emphasize your people skills, since call center work involves talking to people all day. If you’ve ever done volunteer work, now would be a good time to talk about how much you love it. Just be sure to give a fleshed-out answer. The interviewer wants to know more than the kind of information that is already on your resume. Go deeper than your basic statistics.2. â€Å"What do you think a call center is like?†How to Answer It: Stay positive! Maybe taking calls all day is not your ideal job, but if you really want this one, you need to describe a call center as an environment of excellent customer service with employees who are flexibl e, cheerful, and extremely helpful.3. â€Å"What do you know about our company?†How to Answer It: Before going on your interview, do a little research about the company for which you are interviewing. Being able to rattle off a few details about the company in very positive terms reveals an attention to detail, a team-player spirit, and a willingness to do your homework. Not having a substantial response signals that you don’t take getting this job very seriously.4. Question: â€Å"Why do you want to work here?†How to Answer It: Explain that you have the people skills necessary for call center work. If you don’t have call center experience- and you probably won’t if you are asked this particular question- describe your other work or life experiences relevant to call center work. If you’ve ever worked with customers or clients before, or ever had to defuse potentially explosive situations, you should mention such experiences in your response. 5. â€Å"What is quality customer service?†How to Answer It: There’s really only one answer to this question: â€Å"Going above and beyond expectations† is quality customer service.6. â€Å"What are your strengths and weaknesses?†How to Answer It: This is a common question in any job interview. If you’re trying to get a call center job, your strengths should include patience, problem-solving, excellent communication skills, fast learning, and friendliness. Discussing your weaknesses can be a sly way to further emphasize your strengths. For example, you can offer â€Å"I tend to work myself too hard† as a weakness. Just don’t mention anything too negative.7. â€Å"What is the salary you expect to make here?†How to Answer It: Ideally, you would just request the standard salary for someone with your qualifications rather than a specific figure. If the interviewer asks for a specific figure, keep it reasonable without aiming too lo w or you may end up making less than you deserve. Do some research to find out how much someone with your qualifications should earn at a call center.8. â€Å"Where do you see yourself in five years?†How to Answer It: This common question is a way to find out if you plan to stick around or regard the job as a temporary steppingstone. A company is not going to want to hire you if you plan to move on quickly, so tell the interviewer that in five years you see yourself working for this very company†¦but promoted to a more powerful position!

I am a nurse nursing students learn the art and science of nursing Article

I am a nurse nursing students learn the art and science of nursing - Article Example The meaning of experience came through in five themes that were threads throughout the responses from the students (Idczak, 2007). The first was fear of interacting with patients in which nursing students talked about how they felt about their first interactions with patients. Those feelings included fear, anxiety, nervousness, and lack of confidence. They did not have the confidence in how they might respond to feel comfortable. They found that they were afraid to ask RN's on the floor and so they were dealing with these feelings alone. Developing confidence was a second issue in which nursing students felt insecure, however, most of them felt that if they performed skills well that their level of confidence improved rapidly and that this confidence then helped with their interactions with patients. Becoming aware of oneself was felt to be something that was needed in order to interact well with patients. These nursing students felt that they developed self awareness through : "reflecting on their thought, reflecting on an interaction with a patient, comparing their thoughts to the actions of another nurse, and seeing inner role conflict" (Idczak, 2007 pg. 69). Nursing students must connect their new found knowledge of the science of nursing with their need for the art of nursing and their ability to interact with patients.

Art for the Sake for Society and Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art for the Sake for Society and Beauty - Essay Example Tolstoy stressed the emotional importance pivots on the value of communication as "infection". This aesthetic conception led Tolstoy to widen the criteria of what art exactly is. Good art, he claims foster feelings of universal brotherhood. Bad art inhibits such feelings. Tolstoy believes that it is unfitting of people in his society to continue to embrace the Greek tradition of art. He was also of the opinion that the most important quality of art is sincerity and he claims that professionalism causes a sense of sincerity in the artist as art which is produced for a living is more likely to be false and disingenuous. Oscar Wilde blames the public for this. He says that the art should never try to make it popular. The public should try to make itself artistic. The insistence of public to exercise its authority on art is immoral and the fault lies in the up bringing. Tolstoy's view of art mirrors the very idiosyncratic and sovereign nature of his own interpretation of Christianity. He was of the view that a good art must be religious art. He also claims that criticism or interpretation of art is irrelevant and superfluous. Oscar Wilde in The Soul of Man under Socialism also shares the same view on professionalism of art. He says, an individual who has to make things for the use of others and with reference to their wants and wishes does not work with interest and thus cannot put his best into his work. Upon the other hand, when a community or a government of any kind, attempts to dictate the artist what he should do, then art either wholly dies out, or becomes stereotyped or degenerates into a low and dishonorable appearance of art. Wilde too supports the view by regarding art as a matter of demand and supply. Tolstoy says, "A work of art is the unique result of a unique temperament. Its beauty comes from the fact that the author is what he is. It has nothing to do with the fact that other people want what they want." The moment art is made on demand and personal choice of the audiences; the artist looses the claim to be called an artist and is merely a craftsman and a tradesman. Art is the most inten se mode of individualism that the world had known. The artist is the only one who can fashion a beautiful thing and he does not do it for his own pleasure than he is not an artist at all. Art on order, as per Wilde, is aggressive, offensive and brutalizing. The art that has escaped best are the arts in which the public take no interest. (Oscar Wilde, The Soul of a Man Under Socialism) According to Tolstoy, art cannot be defined as an activity that produces beauty. Beauty cannot be defined objectively, and hence cannot be used as a criterion to define what art is and what it is not. The aim of art is not merely to produce beauty or to provide pleasure and enjoyment. He wished that art should be served as a means of communication and as a means of expression of experience. Like speech, art also serves as a means of union by transmitting the thoughts and experiences of men, the peculiarity of art being that whereas words transfer thoughts and ideas, art transfers feelings. Art develops a certain kind of relationship between the emitter who has produced it or is producing it and with all those who subsequently, simultaneously or

Factory job Essay Example for Free

Factory job Essay I am seriously going to explode one day. That Mr Birling is being totally out of order, he pays us girls nothing more than 20 shillings a day and that cant keep me alive for much longer. I have spoken to the girls and they agree with me that we should go on strike. That will make him think about the wages he gives the girls and me. I would rather quit but that would show the wrong side of me I am not a quitter, I am a fighter. I should of taken the job in the bakery but no I had to choose the factory job which could have been good and well paid but no they lied to me about the wages. Anyway I saw my Nan today, she is really ill I need the extra money for her medicine but if you ask me I think she will be going soon. I wish I could see my mum but she is in Yorkshire. I could not stay there because there was no work. There was work but I would never stoop that low. My sister got into that kind of work and she got pregnant out of that sort of business. This all the countrys fault I had to move here because of the lack of jobs in Yorkshire its ridiculous. The strike will still go on. Talk soon, thank you for listening. I am sacked now, looks like I need to starve my self once again all because I wanted more money to actually stay alive, hence I am starving myself now. Most of the girls got their jobs back and I loose mine that fair. Mr Birling has to learn that it is not business all the time, he has to think about other peoples lives that are not rich. I told him that and he obviously did not understand about higher and lower class, all he concentrates on is higher class and spends money like a fire in a wood. I better look for a job soon other wise I will die like my Nan did poor and helpless. I am living in my Nan house but I will probably not stay here that long because she has probably given the house to sally her friend on the street. Thank you for listening bye. I am so happy, I went to a interview last week with Milwards and I have a job now and its good pay and I can help sewing the dresses which is my life long dream. I have not got the house any more, Sally and Frederick her boyfriend live there now and I live in a run down hovel and nothing in it. I have no money and I have changed my name to Sarah so I can get a job because I got sacked and you what Mr Birling is like, he knows everyone. I am gradually getting richer but not much, I have got 40 shillings and I need to save that so I cant eat again. Hopefully this job will be successful and its nearly Christmas bonus but I wont get my hopes up. I have realised that my behaviour at Mr Birlings factory was bad but I was desperate and I need the money. I need to be really polite in this shop because lots of posh and higher class shop here and like I said I dont want to work on the street. Thank you for listening. I got sacked once again. I have not been a pain but I did make a funny look when Miss Birling was showing her dress to mum. Even her mum didnt like the dress, you could tell by her face. I laughed as well but that was because I tripped other the stall. I think she complained about me and said to Samantha the boss to sack me. The Higher class always gets their way and bosses always want money. Thank you for listening. It has come to the worse now. I am getting money but I hate sleeping with scummy old men who smell of beer and sometimes dont even pay you for your time. I really did not want to become a slut and sleep around but I am and I had to change my name again. My name is Daisy Renton now. I have lost two stone. I am probably going to die one day and probably poor, helpless and with no family by my side. I might go back to Yorkshire but I have myself into a business. I am going out with Gerald. He was a customer but he likes talking to me and he bought me food recently and I that was touching. I met him in the palace bar. I was there for business and business is good there because all the rich people are there and have no lady of there own because they are so ugly. Gerald is so sweet. Talk soon. I am really depressed and my live is over now because Gerald has left me he gave me some money but I love Gerald I need him he kept me away from trouble. A man recently beat me up and Gerald looked after me. He is a star and he always will be. The money has been going down the drain I need more money, I might need to do extra nights and double shifts a night. Old men are the worst they are so old and horrible. I need a good job because I have not got a enough money for the place I am renting. I will talk to you soon bye.

Othello †its Appeal Essay -- Othello essays

Othello – its Appeal  Ã‚        Ã‚   Let us examine the William Shakespeare drama Othello for the purpose of determining exactly what characteristics of the play are the outstanding ones which give it such universal appeal.    Othello would appear to have a beauty about it which is hard to match. Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† touches on this beauty which enables this play to stand above the other tragedies of the Bard:    Among the tragedies of Shakespeare Othello is supreme in one quality: beauty. Much of its poetry, in imagery, perfection of phrase, and steadiness of rhythm, soaring yet firm, enchants the sensuous imagination. This kind of beauty Othello shares with Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra; it is a corollary of the theme which it shares with them. But Othello is also remarkable for another kind of beauty. Except for the trivial scene with the clown, all is immediately relevant to the central issue; no scene requires critical justification. The play has a rare intellectual beauty, satisfying the desire of the imagination for order and harmony between the parts and the whole. Finally, the play has intense moral beauty. It makes an immediate appeal to the moral imagination, in its presentation in the figure of Desdemona of a love which does not alter ‘when it alteration finds’, but ‘bears it out even to the edge of doom’. (139)    The ability of the audience to identify with the characters in Othello– this is of primary importance. M.H. Abrams in The Norton Anthology of English Literature attributes the dramatist’s universality to his characters as well as to the relevance of his themes:    One preliminary document in the First Folio is by Shakespeare’s great... ...inceton University Press, 1965.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

New Paradigms in the Study of the Civil War Essay

A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same nation state or republic, or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly united nation state. The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies. Civil wars since the end of World War II have lasted on average just over four years, a dramatic rise from the one-and-a-half year average of the 1900-1944 period. While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the mid-19th century, the increasing length of those wars resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time. For example, there were no more than five civil wars underway simultaneously in the first half of the 20th century, while over 20 concurrent civil wars were occurring at the end of the Cold War, before a significant decrease as conflicts strongly associated with the superpower rivalry came to an end. Since 1945, civil wars have resulted in the deaths of over 25 million people, as well as the forced displacement of millions more. Civil wars have further resulted in economic collapse; Somalia, Burma, Uganda and Angola are examples of nations that were considered to have promising futures before being engulfed in civil wars. Formal classification James Fearon, a scholar of civil wars at Stanford University, defines a civil war as â€Å"a violent conflict within a country fought by organized groups that aim to take power at the center or in a region, or to change government policies†. The Correlates of War, a dataset widely used by scholars of conflict, classifies civil wars as having over 1000 war-related casualties per year of conflict. This rate is a small fraction of the millions killed in the Second Sudanese Civil War and Cambodian Civil War, for example, but excludes several highly publicized conflicts, such as The Troubles of Northern Ireland and the struggle of the African National Congress in Apartheid-era South Africa. That the Party in revolt against the de jure Government possesses an organized military force, an authority responsible for its acts, acting within a determinate territory and having the means of respecting and ensuring respect for the Convention. That the legal Government is obliged to have recourse to the regular military forces against insurgents organized as military and in possession of a part of the national territory. That the de jure Government has recognized the insurgents as belligerents; or That it has claimed for itself the rights of a belligerent; or That it has accorded the insurgents recognition as belligerents for the purposes only of the present Convention; or That the dispute has been admitted to the agenda of the Security Council or the General Assembly of the United Nations as being a threat to international peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression. That the insurgents have an organization purporting to have the characteristics of a State. That the insurgent civil authority exercises de facto authority over the population within a determinate portion of the national territory. That the armed forces act under the direction of an organized authority and are prepared to observe the ordinary laws of war. That the insurgent civil authority agrees to be bound by the provisions of the Convention. Causes of civil war in the Collier-Hoeffler Model Scholars investigating the cause of civil war are attracted by two opposing theories, greed versus grievance. Roughly stated: are conflicts caused by who people are, whether that be defined in terms of ethnicity, religion or other social affiliation, or do conflicts begin because it is in the economic best interests of individuals and groups to start them? Scholarly analysis supports the conclusion that economic and structural factors are more important than those of identity in predicting occurrences of civil war. A comprehensive studies of civil war was carried out by a team from the World Bank in the early 21st century. The study framework, which came to be called the Collier-Hoeffler Model, examined 78 five-year increments when civil war occurred from 1960 to 1999, as well as 1,167 five-year increments of â€Å"no civil war† for comparison, and subjected the data set to regression analysis to see the effect of various factors. The factors that were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the chance that a civil war would occur in any given five-year period were: Availability of finance A high proportion of primary commodities in national exports significantly increases the risk of a conflict. A country at â€Å"peak danger†, with commodities comprising 32% of gross domestic product, has a 22% risk of falling into civil war in a given five-year period, while a country with no primary commodity exports has a 1% risk. When disaggregated, only petroleum and non-petroleum groupings showed different results: a country with relatively low levels of dependence on petroleum exports is at slightly less risk, while a high-level of dependence on oil as an export results in slightly more risk of a civil war than national dependence on another primary commodity. The authors of the study interpreted this as being the result of the ease by which primary commodities may be extorted or captured compared to other forms of wealth, for example, it is easy to capture and control the output of a gold mine or oil field compared to a sector of garment manufacturing or hospitality services. A second source of finance is national diasporas, which can fund rebellions and insurgencies from abroad. The study found that statistically switching the size of a country’s diaspora from the smallest found in the study to the largest resulted in a sixfold increase in the chance of a civil war. Low per capita income has been proposed as a cause for grievance, prompting armed rebellion. However, for this to be true, one would expect economic inequality to also be a significant factor in rebellions, which it is not. The study therefore concluded that the economic model of opportunity cost better explained the findings. Population size The various factors contributing to the risk of civil war rise increase with population size. The risk of a civil war rises approximately proportionately with the size of a country’s population. Gleditsch et al. did not find a relationship between ethnic groups with polygyny and increased frequency of civil wars but nations having legal polygamy may have more civil wars. They argued that misogyny is a better explanation than polygyny. They found that increased women’s rights were are associated with less civil wars and that legal polygamy had no effect after women’s rights were controlled for. Duration of civil wars Ann Hironaka, author of Neverending Wars, divides the modern history of civil wars into the pre-19th century, 19th century to early 20th century, and late 20th century. In 19th-century Europe, the length of civil wars fell significantly, largely due to the nature of the conflicts as battles for the power center of the state, the strength of centralized governments, and the normally quick and decisive intervention by other states to support the government. Following World War II the duration of civil wars grew past the norm of the pre-19th century, largely due to weakness of the many postcolonial states and the intervention by major powers on both sides of conflict. The most obvious commonality to civil wars are that they occur in fragile states. Civil wars in the 19th and early 20th centuries Civil wars through the 19th century to early 20th century tended to be short; the average length of a civil war between 1900 and 1944 was one and half years. The state itself was the obvious center of authority in the majority of cases, and the civil wars were thus fought for control of the state. This meant that whoever had control of the capital and the military could normally crush resistance. If a rebellion failed to quickly seize the capital and control of the military for itself, it was normally doomed to a quick destruction. For example, the fighting associated with the 1871 Paris Commune occurred almost entirely in Paris, and ended quickly once the military sided with the government. The power of non-state actors resulted in a lower value placed on sovereignty in the 18th and 19th centuries, which further reduced the number of civil wars. For example, the pirates of the Barbary Coast were recognized as de facto states because of their military power. The Barbary pirates thus had no need to rebel against the Ottoman Empire, who were their nominal state government, to gain recognition for their sovereignty. Conversely, states such as Virginia and Massachusetts in the United States of America did not have sovereign status, but had significant political and economic independence coupled with weak federal control, reducing the incentive to secede. The two major global ideologies, monarchism and democracy, led to several civil wars. However, a bi-polar world, divided between the two ideologies, did not develop, largely due the dominance of monarchists through most of the period. The monarchists would thus normally intervene in other countries to stop democratic movements taking control and forming democratic governments, which were seen by monarchists as being both dangerous and unpredictable. The Great Powers, defined in the 1815 Congress of Vienna as the United Kingdom, Habsburg Austria, Prussia, France, and Russia, would frequently coordinate interventions in other nations’ civil wars, nearly always on the side of the incumbent government. Given the military strength of the Great Powers, these interventions were nearly always decisive and quickly ended the civil wars. There were several exceptions from the general rule of quick civil wars during this period. The American Civil War was unusual for at least two reasons: it was fought around regional identities, rather than political ideologies, and it was ended through a war of attrition, rather than over a decisive battle over control of the capital, as was the norm. The Spanish Civil War was exceptional because both sides of the war received support from intervening great powers: Germany, Italy, and Portugal supported opposition leader Francisco Franco, while France and the Soviet Union supported the government . Civil wars since 1945 In the 1990s, about twenty civil wars were occurring concurrently during an average year, a rate about ten times the historical average since the 19th century. However, the rate of new civil wars had not increased appreciably; the drastic rise in the number of ongoing wars after World War II was a result of the tripling of the average duration of civil wars to over four years. This increase was a result of the increased number of states, the fragility of states formed after 1945, the decline in interstate war, and the Cold War rivalry. Following World War II, the major European powers divested themselves of their colonies at an increasing rate: the number of ex-colonial states jumped from about 30 to almost 120 after the war. The rate of state formation leveled off in the 1980s, at which point few colonies remained. More states also meant more states in which to have long civil wars. Hironaka statistically measures the impact of the increased number of ex-colonial states as increasing the post-WWII incidence of civil wars by +165% over the pre-1945 number. While the new ex-colonial states appeared to follow the blueprint of the idealized state – centralized government, territory enclosed by defined borders, and citizenry with defined rights -, as well as accessories such as a national flag, an anthem, a seat at the United Nations and an official economic policy, they were in actuality far weaker than the Western states they were modeled after. In Western states, the structure of governments closely matched states’ actual capabilities, which had been arduously developed over centuries. The development of strong administrative structures, in particular those related to extraction of taxes, is closely associated with the intense warfare between predatory European states in the 17th and 18th centuries, or in Charles Tilly’s famous formulation: â €Å"War made the state and the state made war†. For example, the formation of the modern states of Germany and Italy in the 19th century is closely associated with the wars of expansion and consolidation led by Prussia and Sardinia, respectively. Such states are considered â€Å"weak† or â€Å"fragile†. The â€Å"strong†-â€Å"weak† categorization is not the same as â€Å"Western†-â€Å"non-Western†, as some Latin American states like Argentina and Brazil and Middle Eastern states like Egypt and Israel are considered to have â€Å"strong† administrative structures and economic infrastructure. Historically, the international community would have targeted weak states for territorial absorption or colonial domination or, alternatively, such states would fragment into pieces small enough to be effectively administered and secured by a local power. However, international norms towards sovereignty changed in the wake of WWII in ways that support and maintain the existence of weak states. Weak states are given de jure sovereignty equal to that of other states, even when they do not have de facto sovereignty or control of their own territory, including the privileges of international diplomatic recognition and an equal vote in the United Nations. Further, the international community offers development aid to weak states, which helps maintain the facade of a functioning modern state by giving the appearance that the state is capable of fulfilling its implied responsibilities of control and order. The formation of a strong international law regime and norms against territorial aggression is strongly associated with the dramatic drop in the number of interstate wars, though it has also been attributed to the effect of the Cold War or to the changing nature of economic development. Consequently, military aggression that results in territorial annexation became increasingly likely to prompt international condemnation, diplomatic censure, a reduction in international aid or the introduction of economic sanction, or, as in the case of 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, international military intervention to reverse the territorial aggression. Similarly, the international community has largely refused to recognize secessionist regions, while keeping some secessionist self-declared states such as Taiwan in diplomatic recognition limbo. While there is not a large body of academic work examining the relationship, Hironaka’s statistical study found a correlation that suggests that every major international anti-secessionist declaration increased the number of ongoing civil wars by +10%, or a total +114% from 1945 to 1997. The diplomatic and legal protection given by the international community, as well as economic support to weak governments and discouragement of secession, thus had the unintended effect of encouraging civil wars. There has been an enormous amount of international intervention in civil wars since 1945 that served to extend wars. While intervention has been practiced since the international system has existed, its nature changed substantially. It became common for both the state and opposition group to receive foreign support, allowing wars to continue well past the point when domestic resources had been exhausted. Superpowers, such as the European great powers, had always felt no compunction in intervening in civil wars that affected their interests, while distant regional powers such as the United States could declare the interventionist Monroe Doctrine of 1821 for events in its Central American â€Å"backyard†. However, the large population of weak states after 1945 allowed intervention by former colonial powers, regional powers and neighboring states who themselves often had scarce resources. On average, a civil war with interstate intervention was 300% longer than those without. When disaggregated, a civil war with intervention on only one side is 156% longer, while intervention on both sides lengthens the average civil war by an addition 92%. If one of the intervening states was a superpower, a civil war is extended a further 72%; a conflict such as the Angolan Civil War, in which there is two-sided foreign intervention, including by a superpower, would be 538% longer on average than a civil war without any international intervention. Effect of the Cold War The Cold War provided a global network of material and ideological support that perpetuated civil wars, which were mainly fought in weak ex-colonial states, rather than the relatively strong states that were aligned with the Warsaw Pact and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In some cases, superpowers would superimpose Cold War ideology onto local conflicts, while in others local actors using Cold War ideology would attract the attention of a superpower to obtain support. Using a separate statistical evaluation than used above for interventions, civil wars that included pro- or anti-communist forces lasted 141% longer than the average non-Cold War conflict, while a Cold War civil war that attracted superpower intervention resulted in wars typically lasting over three times as long as other civil wars. Conversely, the end of the Cold War marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 resulted in a reduction in the duration of Cold War civil wars of 92% or, phrased another way, a roughly ten-fold increase in the rate of resolution of Cold War civil wars. Lengthy Cold War-associated civil conflicts that ground to a halt include the wars of Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua . See also The Logic of Violence in Civil War War of Independence Wars of national liberation References

Benildean community

The researchers, based on their personal and their peers' experiences, chose to address the situation due to the countless transportation hassles encountered by the students of De La Sale – College of Saint Bindle in order to help them maximize productivity in school. Issues such as inadequate parking slots, heavy traffic, and long queues for the e-Jeeps contribute greatly to the student's academic standing (e. G. Tardiness and absences), consequently leading to poor performance and morale.Thus, it is in the best interest of the school to implement enhancements on the existing system in order to uphold the Benefited Core Value of Social Responsibility by being socially aware and having a deep concern for their fellow students and the administration. Through this, the researchers conducted interviews, surveys and extensive ocular observations of the area to be able to present their information to implementing authorities.The researchers, as active citizens of the Benefited comm unity, practiced their observance of the law and took initiative in addressing the problems encountered by the school population in order to mitigate the transportation issues that is currently a hindrance to their punctuality and maximized school productivity. Due to the nature of the researchers being concerned with the overall performance of the school and since they are aware of the effects of to delve into developing this project that will benefit not only Benefited community s a whole, but also the local community surrounding the proximity of the institution.The project is not only aimed to the immediate relief of traffic issues, but is also geared towards the improvement of the condition of major thoroughfares that will provide a safe, secure and hassle-free Journey for the motorists who are Just passing through. Being professionally competent, the researchers extend this project to anyone who finds themselves behind the wheel and are usually encountering the aforementioned p roblems, whether or not a member of the Benefited community.The problem of students regarding the transport systems along the campuses of DOLS-CBS contribute greatly to their academic performance in school. Due to the current inefficiency of the current transport systems, there is an influx in the tardiness and absences in the academic records of the students, causing them to consequently be lazy, disinterested, and no longer focused in their studies. This, in turn, causes a downward spiral in performance in school, with the student frustrated to the inefficiencies of the current transport system that influences their academic records as well.The transport system is currently facing unhealthy problems that do not seem to be properly addressed since there is no action being implemented to mitigate the problem. Considering the fact that a significant portion of the Benefited community (student, faculty and administration) bring their vehicles, the amount of facilities, or lack thereof , directly affects a substantial number; and mostly the students bear the brunt of this disappointing problem. Queues of vehicles line the streets (e. G. He illegal back gate parking located at Leon Counting, or the multi-level parking at SAD which extends up to Sapid Residences) heavily add to the traffic congestion in the area, making it difficult for other vehicles to maneuver their way in traffic. These checkpoints and blockage tend to manifest during rush hour as the amount of cars double in number, making it near impossible for other vehicles to pass through. Given that there are other modes of transportation that are currently available to students, they are not utilized properly.The e-Jeeps, despite having punctual schedule, also contribute to the delay in travel since the units of the vehicle are not efficient enough to cater to the number of queuing passengers, this is further aggravated by traffic and harsh weather conditions. The ratio of passengers to the units of opera tional e-Jeeps defeats its purpose. This ultimately results in the students' frustration who are then forced to employ other means of transportation, or worse, walk, most especially when they are in a hurry to reach their classes on time.Pedicels provide convenience to students who are rushing to their classes in the other Benefited campuses, but are often faced with bargaining woes prior to the ride from PH. O up to PH. O are initially demanded by the pedicel drivers before they provide their services, much to the dismay of the students. This encourages most of the budget-constrained Biennials to brave the elements, rain or shine, Just so they can reach their classes and not miss out on their lessons.Although students may choose to walk Just so they can maintain their budget, their security is also Jeopardized as they become walking prey for unscrupulous individuals/groups who want to make easy money regardless the time of day. Reports of students being robbed or threatened into gi ving their valuables may be unpopular, but it is also a problem that exists and plagues the students. Add the harsh weather as they tread on foot to their designated classes and there is the issue of their health being taken into consideration as well.Traffic, weather disturbances, bulk of passengers and demanding public transport fares challenge the Benefited community, however, there seems to be a low level of concern expressed by respective authorities to ensure the safety and convenience of the Biennials, let alone the community surrounding the school. Students, members of the Benefited administration and faculty face these evident problems every day and often overlook this because of the pressure placed on them to reach their destination and classes on time.This research and proposal hopes to, if not alleviate the issues aforementioned, control the state of the current transportation schemes and aims to improve the Benefited community's day-to-day excursions to accomplish their academic requirements. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Having evaluated the issues concerned with intercalate transportation, and establishing the need for certain enhancements, the researchers deemed it accessory to provide cost-effective suggestions that could possibly expedite the lengthy and faulty process of creating and implementing student-oriented projects.Using state-of-the-art tools and critical thinking, the researchers attempted to come up with feasible solutions geared towards the attainment of its objectives, that is to mitigate the inconveniences created, directly or not, by the transport systems currently available for the Benefited community. Guided by this ultimate goal, the researchers delved deeper into the circumstances related to the cause of the robber, so as not to provide a mere â€Å"band-aid solution†.The issues of undisciplined drivers, deregulated pedicel fares, among others, were uncovered and would have to be addressed with fervor as well in order for this project to attain its success. Initially, the researchers already had first-hand knowledge of the problem as they themselves have encountered the inconveniences stated in this proposal. In addition to that, they have also been in constant interaction with peers and individuals research, contributing to its effectively, should it be promulgated.

gideon vs wainwright essays

gideon vs wainwright essays In June 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon, a fifty-year-old man, with a prior arrest record, was arrested in Panama City, Florida. He was charged with breaking into a pool hall. The things that were stolen were beer, coke, and change from a cigarette machine. Gideon claimed innocence. When his trial began he asked the court for court appointed counsel. He was denied the right because the state law only permits counsel in capital cases and for indigent defendants. The trial continued. Gideon conducted his own defense his effort however, were ineffective. He did the best he could for someone who had no knowledge or experience. He made an opening statement to the jury, cross-examined the State's witnesses, presented witnesses in his own defense, declined to testify himself, and made a short argument "emphasizing his innocence to the charge contained in the information filed in this case." The jury the jury convicted Gideon and sent him to prison for five years. While in prison, Gideon studied law books. Gideon filed petion for Habeas Corpus in the Florida Supreme Court. Gideons petion was denied. Gideon then appealed to the United States Supreme Court in forma pauperis. The Supreme Court selected his case to be considered. In the case, Betts vs. Brady Maryland farm worker Smith Betts asked for the court appointed counsel to his defense. The judge denied his request because the country that has in doesn't appoint poor defendants only in a capital case. Betts was sentenced to eight years in prison, Betts sent an appeal to the Supreme Court, but again the court ruled against Betts. The reason why is because "In the great majority of states, it has been the considered judgment of the people their representative, and their courts that the appointment of counsel is not a trial." (Goodman 64) With that statement in mind, Gideons case was issued with just reason. Twenty-two States, as friends of t ...

Academic integrity

Professional writing involves using clear language to explain themselves to an audience. 2. ) Integrity is important in writing because you should be honest to yourself and other people whom you are writing to. I believe that being in an online class helps you understand what integrity is and helps you be honest to people while you are opening up to them. For example in our discussion questions I feel like being honest is very important because it will keep my conversation going without any lies, it would be very e to be caught lying to someone while we are having a conversation.That is why it is important to have integrity. 3. ) The easiest way to avoid plagiarism is by using your own words. Once someone understands what plagiarism is and the consequences for doing it they will understand it much better. Quotations must be used when the paragraph is about 40 words or 3 sentences long. Like I said in my first sentence using your own words is the best way to avoid plagiarism is to use paraphrase. Paraphrasing means you should put the ideas in a passage into your own words, usually following the order in which the ideas were presented in the original paper.

Ethical Claims of Body Shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Claims of Body Shop - Essay Example In this study, it has been discussed that how Body Shop has implied different ethical issues in the organization and how it is focused on long term sustainability. This report also focuses on the issues that can make a clear doubt on the Body Shop’s claim about their ethical business practice. This analysis is discussing the positive issues and also negative issues relating to the Body Shop’s ethical claim. Introduction Ethics is the moral of any individual’s life. The same principle is applied for the organization. Ethics means doing things in the right way, for that someone needs to distinguish between the right and wrong things and then it is important to choose the right things. Following the child labour issues by not involving a child into a work is a kind of ethical behaviour of the organizations. Business ethics aims at imposing the sense of the business responsibility within the company’s employees. ... Now the study will discuss whether the companies will be able to gain any profit? What is the basic objective of the business? The objective for any business is to ensure the profit of the shareholders but the securities of the stakeholders also need to be ensured. The stakeholders are the persons who have directly or indirectly interest in the business. The Stakeholders are the employees, the shareholders, the government, the Media, the NGOs, everyone around the company. For example, if a factory is polluting the society through its wastage it is actually hampering the health of the people staying in the society. Though the organization is not directly related with the society but indirectly it is affecting the society. There the ethics come, what is the way to deal with certain problems, how to reduce the ill effect of the organization to ensure the social and human security. Each organization has its own parameter to fix up the specific code of conduct of the business. It’s always true that only ethical firm can do the corporate social responsibility, corporate responsibility can be done by anyone, it is the contribution and taking more responsibility towards society. But, all the firms doing social responsibility are not ethical always (Randall, 2001, p.56). There is no certain proof that the firm have done all the things in the right way. Discussion In the light of the discussion of â€Å"ethics and corporate social responsibility† the â€Å"Body Shop† ethical journey will be explained. The Body Shop international PLC has 24000 stores all over the world. It is a beauty product Cosmetics Company founded in England in the year of 1976. The founder of Body Shop, Anita Roddick, visited