Theorectical Bases For Counseling Essay Example For Students

Theorectical Bases For Counseling Essay Five significant hypothetical bases for advising in brain research are natural, learning, intellectual, psychodynamic, and sociocultural. Every single one of these points of view scans for answers about conduct through various methods and exploring a customers youth or grown-up life encounters searching for answers to various types of inquiries. Because of the various sorts and styles of advising approaches, every advisor shapes their own musings and clarifications. The reason behind the natural point of view in brain science is that all activities, emotions, and considerations are related with various occasions in a people life. Natural clinicians analyze how the electrical driving forces, hormones, and synthetic substances coursing through the body can influence conduct. Physocologists are worried about how the parts of science impact people groups feelings and their impression of occasions. A significant number of the significant discoveries in brain research from the conduct hypothesis later advancing into the social learning hypothesis or subjective social learning hypothesis. Conduct advisors used to accept that activities were reactions to boosts that were found out. This idea prompted a widening of brain research. Numerous gatherings that were frequently neglected by analysts until conduct treatment turned into the prevailing school of brain science in the U.S. after the 1960s. The subjective viewpoint of brain research centers around the point of view. Analysts from this school contend that it is important to comprehend what is happening in the psyche to completely comprehend why an individual will do the things that they do. The purpose behind subjective brain science is to see how observations and understandings identify with conduct. Why a few people go to brutality when offended while someone else won't. Numerous pundits of the psychodynamic treatment don't accept psychodynamic speculations have any bearing on brain science. In view of the way that a significant number of the therapy suppositions couldn't be confirmed. Examination clinicians were more identified with theory as opposed to clinical science. In spite of the fact that not as logical as different hypotheses the psychodynamic hypothesis is still connected with brain research. The sociocultural point of view focuses on a people culture or society as opposed to the person. To comprehend why individuals show certain conduct qualities. Therapists see what impacts the people network and how others influence an individual. These five hypothetical bases are comparative since they all attempt to figure out what makes an individual be the means by which they are. If I somehow managed to do advising, I figure I might want to turn into a conduct specialist. I am entranced by what makes an individual what they are, and for what reason does an individual do what they do? Where do characters originate from? It is said that character comes from a particular point in a people adolescence, and from that point it keeps on developing. An advisor should initially take a gander at specific suspicions that are regularly made when building up a conduct hypothesis. The first of these suspicions concerns whether one accepts that the practices, sort of activity, an individual displays are delivered by decisions and choices made past a customers own control. Everybody has the ability to pick their activities regardless of the impact of heredity and condition. A people activities are not foreordained. Somebody who experienced childhood in an oppressive and alcoholic family may as a grown-up become injurious and liquor dependant. Yet, it very well may be expected that individuals have through and through freedom. There is consistently the alternative for an individual to settle on their own choices. At the point when our class went to visit a C.A. P.S. recovery house a month ago, I had the option to converse with a portion of the individuals that lived there and I discovered that every one of them made their own decisions. I additionally discovered that they are utilizing their capacity to change their decisions to better themselves and their surroundings. I was stunned to see that the individuals that lived there were individuals simply like me. The thing that matters is they decided to settle on unexpected decisions in comparison to I did. .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 , .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 .postImageUrl , .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 , .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769:hover , .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769:visited , .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769:active { border:0!important; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769:active , .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uff8199f2add741 d5d518acc076d86769 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uff8199f2add741d5d518acc076d86769:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Farrington's Character Analysis from Joyce's Counterparts Essay Some picked medications, liquor and wrongdoing. Some settled on these decisions and some didnt. I do feel that a few decisions are learning encounters that can give an individual the decision to improve or more regrettable. .

Flight Pattern free essay sample

The story, â€Å"Flight Pattern† composed by Sherman Alexie depicted how humankind consistently paint individuals the manner in which they need them to be and targets gatherings to be preference. It doesn't make a difference what your identity is, the place you are, what you are, it is a normal practice. The generalizations, bigotry, sexism, and social desires were presented all through the excursion of the primary character, William, â€Å"a minimal earthy colored guy† in the story. The story occurred a year after the horrendous occurrence of â€Å"9-11†. Inside this period, everybody was paying special mind to dubious â€Å"little earthy colored guys†. William was a â€Å"bows-and-bolts Indian† (275) and a sales reps who â€Å"travelled so frequently, the Seattle-based airline stewards knew him by first name† (271). Each time William was at the United Airline air terminal, â€Å"[he] consistently checked the air terminals and planes for minimal earthy colored folks who stunk of fundamentalism. † (270). This was on the grounds that everybody was encircling earthy colored cleaned individuals as potential fear mongers. Despite the fact that, William was a Red Indian, he was still profiled into a similar class as a risky earthy colored Taliban fear based oppressor. We will compose a custom article test on Flight Pattern or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this way, William had â€Å"been pulled over for search look around 75 percent of the time† (273). This represents how individuals separate a gathering and accept they are no different. Actually, not all individuals are recognized as the generalization of their birthplace. For example, William is a Spokane Indian, salmon individuals. In any case, rather than the generalization of being an average languid Indian gathering Government financing, William is a pleased man who is energetic about his vocation. In addition to the fact that racism is a significant generalization, yet sexism is likewise critical all through the story. In spite of the fact that bigotry is a significant generalization, sexism is somewhat huge all through the story as well. Behind William’s back, he needed to convey a spouse and little girl both monetarily and intellectually. Before having William’s little girl, Grace, his better half Marie was a corporate bookkeeper. In any case, she relinquished her position to turn into a full-time housewife for Grace. William is dedicated man â€Å"who needed his significant other to remain at home and pause, pause, sit tight for him† (271). Regularly, most men are the foundation of the family while the spouse remains at home to sustain the youngsters. Then again, ladies don't have the opportunity to be whoever they need. Other than bigotry and sexism, social desires and measures are likewise generalizations from multiple points of view. For example, the generalization of a cab driver is a needy individual who is living on government assistance. Moreover, they are required to convey the baggage for their customers. When William â€Å"insisted on conveying his own sacks into the hotel† (272), he was reviled by an old watchman in Spain, since he has attacked the norm. When William got a taxi to the United Airline, the cab driver expected William was a rich businessperson from the great suit he wore and a house that is huge and excellent. In the interim, William assumed that Fekadu, is a hopeless cabbie living in neediness. Moreover, he was unable to accept a solitary expression of Fekadu’s story, since an alum of Oxford ought not be driving taxi. This additionally reasons the control of an individual can likewise turn into a generalization. At the point when a plane terrains, there is an assigned area where they should land. Similarly, life is planned by the general public as showed in the title of the short story, â€Å"Flight Pattern†. Characteristically, dark are poor uneducated, hoodlums, white are canny and ridiculously wealthy, earthy colored are perilous psychological militants, and yellow are brilliant specialists. Tragically our sociality is adulterated with channels of various generalizations and segregations. Along these lines, Alexie depicted his musings on to this glorious piece.

Yall, Im Getting Pretty Excited About Agoras Diverse Crime Fiction

Yall, Im Getting Pretty Excited About Agoras Diverse Crime Fiction Agora, the imprint from Polis books focused on publishing crime fiction from diverse authors, has been one of the best things to happen to indie lit in quite some time. As we have written about here at Book Riot, Polis founder Jason Pinter and Agora editor Chantelle Aimée Osman are dedicated to more than just broadening opportunities for writers to share their own stories in their own voices. Agoras early lineup is proving that they are giving the crime fiction world some of its best content. Fall 2019 September First out of the gate for Agora will be John Verchers  Three-Fifths. Ive read this one personally, and…damn, yall. David Joy (author of The Line That Held Us) called it Feverishly entertaining. Resoundingly important. A book treading this kind of ground should not be able to move this fast. THREE-FIFTHS is an honest, fearless page-burner. And Im not sure I can word it any better than that. Three-Fifths centers a biracial man passing as white, who is confronting the lies of his past. His world gets turned upside down when a friend gets released from prison. And involves him in a hate crime. If a book can be both difficult to read and impossible to put down, its this book. You should read books that challenge you. This is such a book. It hits your shelves on September 10. October On the heels of Verchers debut, Agora will give us Remember  from Patricia Smith. Smith is wildly fascinating as both an author and an advocate. She runs  www.tell-patricia.tumblr.com where people can submit their troubles and secrets without judgement. Having survived depression and addiction, Smith has chosen to give herself over to writing in order to use words to save lives. And we should all be grateful. Remember is a psychological thriller about Portia Willows, who must confront suppressed memories of a horrific crime. Smith brings forward a courageous voice that crime fiction desperately needs. Look for  Remember on October 8th. November And then on November 5th, Agora will give us Tori Eldridges The Ninja Daughter. Described as  an action-packed thriller about a Chinese-Norwegian modern day ninja with Joy Luck Club family issues who fights the Los Angeles Ukrainian mob, sex traffickers, and her own family to save two desperate women and an innocent child. Yeah. Buckle up, bitches. Rachel Howzell Hall (They All Fall Down) says that Tori Eldridge has created a heroine to love…and to fear! Lilys quest to protect the women of L.A. left me breathless, and Eldridges snappy, down-to-earth prose kept me flipping pages. Youll notice that this flipping of pages is becoming a theme at Agora. 2020 But what has really led to this boiling over of excitement…what has led me to the brink of dropping f-bombs on the Book Riot…is whats to come. Agora is lining up a 2020 Spring and Summer to rival their auspicious beginning. January On January 14, Agora will release Matthew Henson and the Ice Temple of Harlem  from acclaimed crime author Gary Phillips. The book is the first in an exciting new retro rollicking adventure series. Set at the end of the roaring 20s, the pulp novel will follow the first black man to reach the North Pole as he attempts to recover a kidnapped girl. Gary Phillips is best known for his Anthony Award winning work as editor of The Obama Inheritance and mystery and graphic novels like The Bebop Barbarians, Violent Spring, and the novelization of The Killing Joke. Hes also the former president of the Private Eye Writers of America, so…you know…respect. February And for a final  scheduled release, Agora landed Silvia Moreno-Garcia. Mexican by birth, Canadian by inclination, Moreno-Garcia won a Copper Cylinder Award for her debut novel, Signal to Noise. And her second novel, Certain Dark Things, was one of NPRs best books of 2016. For Agora, she brings  Untamed Shore  on February 11th. The book will be a gritty coming-of-age story set in 1970s Mexico featuring the death of a glamorous tourist and sharks.  Sounds like Moreno-Garcias first thriller will be sort of bad ass. How about a little mother f***ing border noir? Agora is currently collecting stories of La frontera. They have signed up Bram Stoker nominee Gabino Iglesias to edit a collection called BOTH SIDES. Iglesias says about the collection: La frontera is full of stories. Real stories, not those Trump makes up. The border is a powerful place where countries collide. It’s a weird space of dreams, struggles, promises, lies, fear, and redemption. It’s a multicultural and bilingual space where people know that hustling to protect your loved ones or offer them a better life is a drive strong enough to blur ethical codes. Sadly, the border is also a place where drugs make people a lot of money, corruption stains everything, and violence fills the landscape with danger and ghosts. Now I want some of the most talented authors to visit this space from their perspective. I want them to show the world what they see on both sides. It’s time to give border noir the attention it deserves. Just scan over those names and tell me you arent doing the grabby hands right now. Burying the Lede And now, in an exclusive to Book Riot, we get to announce two new Agora books for their Spring/Summer 2020 line. Books from two authors who, as editor Chantelle  Aimée Osman puts it, add  an even more diverse perspective to crime fiction. Shadows Deep Sung J. Woo’s short stories and essays have appeared in  The New York Times, PEN/Guernica,  and  Vox.  He has written two novels,  Love Love  (2015) and  Everything Asian  (2009), which  won the 2010 Asian Pacific American Librarians Association  Literature Award (Youth category). In Shadows Deep,  Woo tells the story of Korean adoptee Siobhan O’Brien, who has spent much of her life explaining her name and her family to strangers, but her more pressing problem is whether to carry on the PI agency that her dead boss unexpectedly left to her.  As Siobhan delves deeper into locating a missing girl, she encounters vegan cooking that just might kill her, possibly deadly yoga poses, and politely dangerous billionaires. This first in a new series introduces an endearing PI heroine in the tradition of female detectives like Sue Grafton’s Kinsey Millhone, but similar in voice with gentle wit as Carl Hiaasen readers aren’t going to want to put down Undocumented Johnny Shaw  was born and raised on the Calexico/Mexicali border in the stifling heat of the California desert. He is the author of six novels including the Jimmy Veeder Fiasco border novels:  Dove Season,  Plaster  City, and  Imperial Valley.  Johnny has been nominated for the Anthony Award three times, winning for Best Paperback Original in 2013 for the comedic adventure novel  Big Maria. Undocumented  follows three unauthorized Mexican immigrants living in Los Angeles whose lives intersect through terrifying circumstance  that  clarify and contrast the horrors of existence. Undocumented is a crime story, but more than that, it’s a story of America and the dangers that migrants face when being forced to live in the shadows. Strong and evocative, it’s a page turner that will change how you look at the world, and the  people in it. So, as you can see Im pretty fing excited over here. Agora is definitely one to move to the top of your pub watch list. Between their fall lineup and their recent signings, Agora is proving they are much more than just that diverse crime fiction imprint. They are at the top of all the crime fiction publishers…indies, big labels, diverse, not diverse enough…all of them. And theyre planting a big flag in your TBR pile. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Young Adults in Long Distance Relationships - 929 Words

Summer romance, crazy flings, and first loves; these are all common occurrences during those high school years. High school relationships are essentially the beginning of a teenager’s dating career; dating helps young adults develop their emotions and temperament while being with a significant other. In a way dating prepares students for the real world that they will soon have to endure. For teens in high school, the most complicated relationships are long distance ones. Long distance relationships are a difficult task to handle, with each individual willing to take a chance at ‘tough love’. Though it is good for teenagers to be able to experience relationships in different circumstances, long distance relationships are believed to be†¦show more content†¦It is of a common occurrence that many teenagers meet their partner during their high school years and go into a long distance relationship after having graduated high school and moved on to college. â⠂¬Å"Between 25–40% of all romantic relationships among students attending colleges across the United States are long distance.† (Amestein, Sheery) Nonetheless due to the fact that a great percentage of teenage relationships fail, adults tend to dismiss their children’s romanticism as perhaps just â€Å"play†, and not all that serious.Teen love is looked down upon and isnt considered by some to be real love because teens are too young and supposedly dont know better (Leek, McKenzie) In conclusion, though the relationship itself is not truly a problem the lack of certain characteristics in a young adult are. In the rare occasion that a teenager is actually fully developed and mature to handle a long distance relationship, it won’t be taken seriously by many people, especially by their parents who will most likely disapprove. The bitter end to this story is that it depends an awful lot on the pair’s characteristics and emotional strength, trust, communication, etcetera. Many teen agers are not emotionally prepared to handle a long distance relationship and those who are, are dismissed by adults who believe that they are not mature enough. Works CitedShow MoreRelatedCan Long Distance Relationship Work?1055 Words   |  5 PagesA long distance relationship can have many meanings and experiences may be very different from one person to another. For some people, living a long distance from a loved one may be a normal routine in life, while for some people the occasional distance can be difficult and challenging. A long distance relationship can be for a few days, years, or months can occur over a few days, months. For other people, long distance relationship is just like something normal in their family structure, and otherRead MoreAnalysis Of Reyna Grandes The Distance Between Us : A Memoir1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe Distance Between Us: A Memoir by Reyna Grande is about shattered relationships and a family’s lost and gain through a pursue for a better life. She was motivated because in her writing she can revisit Mexico and claim it as her own as she remembers it. She’s able to write as a Mexican autho r would about Mexico being that she’s not considered a real Mexican anymore. Inspired by the voices of the immigrant children who weren’t being reflected in books. She felt that she could give the childrenRead MoreWhat Is Reciprocal Socialization Means And Give 1-2 Examples That May Demonstrate It1385 Words   |  6 Pagesand effort (pg. 266). These parents are pretty much do as I say no questions asked. I think with this parent adolescents fail to learn when to question and when not to question authority. I feel it is important children begin to learn that sometime adults can be wrong and at times one must think for themselves. Authoritative parenting encourages adolescents to be independent but still place limits and controls on their action (pg. 267). These parent give and take, they are warm and nurturing towardRead MoreCell Phone Use And Its Impact On Personal Relationships Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pageson personal relationships. Because of this, I agree that t exting and phone use does not actually reduce people’s ability to maintain relationships and/or make it harder to develop bonds between others, which is a point that needs emphasizing since so many people believe that it is because of cell-phones that it is harder to cultivate genuine relationships. Some people would say that texting is a limited way of communicating with others, and that it creates uncertainty in relationships due to theRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives987 Words   |  4 Pageswithout it. The cell phone is one technology that has been around long enough to fuse into the lives of the young, but older generations can still remember life without this chunk of machinery. For over eight decades, people throughout the world have commonly used the telephone. As technology has progressed the telephone has morphed from a wired, rotary dial paperweight to the wireless, smart, cell phones in use today. Most adults, age thirty and above, remember life without cell phones, beforeRead MoreComparison Between Ghost World By Terry Zwigoff Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesFeminist Relationship Issues of Enide, Rebecca, Maggie and Hopey The comparison and contrast between â€Å"Ghost World,† the movie, directed by Terry Zwigoff and written by Daniel Clowes brings graphic novel characters to life. Both stories give the readers realistic and very interesting examination of two relationships between a variety of teenage girls. In â€Å"Ghost World,† Enid and Rebecca, we catch a glimpse into their view of the world, not entirely invalid, and sometimes certainly childish and superficialRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesalso presents undesirable characteristics that seem to negatively influence people, and more specifically young children, to the point where many have ultimately rejected the idea of joining the online social community. Social media has also provided people, who intend to use the service only to do harm, the ability to reach victims across the world. Additionally, social media has exposed the young generation to internet bullying, violent and misc onstrued news and mature content that is beyond theirRead MoreThe Internet and the Behavior it creates617 Words   |  3 Pagesan excellent resource of information and learning. Although this has become a powerful tool that is of great benefit it is becoming problematic to the youth of America. The internet has creating anti-social behavior in our children that are now young 20 something’s. Anti-social behavior is the lack of consideration for others and may cause damage to the society, whether intentionally or through negligence. (Berger, K. 2003) Many times this anti-social behavior results in criminal activity, orRead MoreIs Facebook Killing Our Souls?1588 Words   |  7 Pagesbad for the users, but it also has a negative influence on their ability to manage purposeful relationships. The negative effects don’t end there, Hipps believes the increased use of social media among young people can impede their development of basic social skills. Unfortunately, adult s, considering that they have stabilized ego, are just as vulnerable to the effect of social media as compared to young people. However, Hipps thinks users can reduce the negative effects of associate with using socialRead MoreThe Process Of Moving From Childhood Adolescence Adulthood1205 Words   |  5 Pagesthey seek outlets that will distract them and guidance from people they feel will listen. In American Beauty, the viewers are confronted with a young woman named Jane and her relationship with her parents, which is flimsy at best. Her mother does not know or refuses to acknowledge their lack of a relationship and her father admits there is no relationship but does nothing to change this, leaving her to discover adulthood without them. In Wildlife, Joe is thrown into a volatile situation after his

Telling Stories Sequencing for ESL Students

Telling stories is common in any language. Think of all the situations in which you might  tell a story in everyday life: Talking about last weekend to a friend.Giving details about something that happened during a job interview.Relating information about your family to your children.Telling colleagues about what happened on a business trip. In each of these situations—and many others—you provide information about something that happened in the past. To help your audience understand your stories, you need to link this information from the past together. One of the most important ways to link ideas is to sequence them. The passages below are good examples of sequenced ideas. Read the examples and then measure your understanding with a quiz. The answers are at the bottom. EXAMPLE PASSAGE: A Conference in Chicago Last week, I visited Chicago to attend a business conference. While I was there, I decided to visit the Art Institute of Chicago. To start off, my flight was delayed. Next, the airline lost my luggage, so I had to wait for two hours at the airport while they tracked it down. Unexpectedly, the luggage had been set aside and forgotten. As soon as they found my luggage, I found a taxi and rode into town. During the ride into town, the driver told me about his last visit to the Art Institute. After I had arrived safely, everything began to go smoothly. The business conference was very interesting, and I thoroughly enjoyed my visit to the institute. Finally, I caught my flight back to Seattle. Luckily, everything went smoothly. I arrived home just in time to kiss my daughter goodnight. Sequencing Steps Sequencing refers to the order in which events happened. Sequencing is often made easier by the use of transition words. Following are some of the most common words and expressions used to sequence when writing or speaking. Beginning your story Create the beginning of your story with these expressions. Use a comma after the introductory phrase. First of all,To start off with,Initially,To begin with, Examples of these beginning phrases in use include: To begin with, I began my education in London.First of all, I opened the cupboard.To start off with, we decided our destination was New York.Initially, I thought it was a bad idea. Continuing the story You can continue the story with the following expressions, or use a time clause beginning with as soon as or after. When using a time clause, use the  past simple  after the time expression, such as: Then,After that,Next,As soon as / When full clause,...but thenImmediately, Examples of using these continuing phrases in a story include: Then, I started to get worried.After that, we knew that there would be no problem!Next, we decided on our strategy.As soon as we arrived, we unpacked our bags.We were sure everything was ready, but then we discovered some unexpected problems.Immediately, I telephoned my friend Tom. Interruptions and Adding New Elements to the Story You can use the following expressions to add suspense to your story: Suddenly,Unexpectedly, Examples of using these interrupting phrases or turning to a new element include: Suddenly, a child burst into the room with a note for Ms. Smith.Unexpectedly, the people in the room didnt agree with the mayor. Ending the Story Mark the end of your story with these introductory phrases: Finally,In the end,Eventually, Examples of using these ending words in a story include: Finally, I flew to London for my meeting with Jack.In the end, he decided to postpone the project.Eventually, we became tired and returned home. When you tell stories, you will also need to give reasons for actions. Review tips on  linking your ideas  and providing reasons for your actions  to help you understand how to do so. Events Occurring at the Same Time The use of while and as introduce a  dependent clause  and  require an  independent clause  to complete your sentence. During is used with a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause and does not require a subject and object. The construction for this kind of sentence is: While / As subject verb dependent clause or independent clause while / as subject verb An example of using while in a sentence is: While I was giving the presentation, a member of the audience asked an interesting question.Jennifer told her story as I prepared dinner. The construction for using during in a sentence is: During noun (noun clause) Examples of using during in a sentence include: During the meeting, Jack came over and asked me a few questions.We explored a number of approaches during the presentation.   Test Your Knowledge! Provide an appropriate sequencing word to fill in the blanks. The answers follow the quiz. My friend and I visited Rome last summer. (1) ________, we flew from New York to Rome in first class. It was fantastic! (2) _________ we arrived in Rome, we (3) ______ went to the hotel and took a long nap. (4) ________, we went out to find a great restaurant for dinner. (5) ________, a scooter appeared out of nowhere and almost hit me! The rest of the trip had no surprises. (6) __________, we began to explore Rome. (7) ________ the afternoons, we visited ruins and museums. At night, we hit the clubs and wandered the streets. One night, (8) ________ I was getting some ice cream, I saw an old friend from high school. Imagine that! (9) _________, we caught our flight back to New York. We were happy and ready to begin work again. Multiple answers are possible for some  of the blanks: First of all / To start off with / Initially / To begin withAs soon as / WhenimmediatelyThen / After that / Next  Suddenly / Unexpectedly  Then / After that / Next  DuringWhile / As  Finally / In the end / Eventually

Sexual Harassment at Workplace Free Essays

Sexual Harassment At Workplace We are still carrying that legacy where women are treated as secondary to men. True, the times have changed with Industrial Revolution and then the technological advances; women have been recognized as equal to men all over. But the legacy which was carried from so many ages goes on and it takes time to change the mind sets of all Indians. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harassment at Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now The political system has to change and the entire systems ale customs like Sati etc. hich are still rampant in some parts of India and yes the dowry system which is present everywhere have to go if women have to enjoy equal respect along with men. As long as these evil practices continue and till commercialization of women through each and every useless advertisement is practiced harassment of women not only in work place but in home, in street, in college everywhere will continue and male chauvinism tries to dominate the female submissiveness everywhere. According to the Protection of Human Right Act, 1993 â€Å"human rights† means the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India. It is necessary and expedient for employers in work places as well as other responsible persons or institutions to observe certain guidelines to ensure the prevention of sexual harassment of women as to live with dignity is a human right guaranteed by our constitution. India In India Sexual harassment has been termed as â€Å"Eve teasing† and is described as: unwelcome sexual gesture or behavior whether directly or indirectly as sexually colored remarks; physical contact and advances; showing pornography; a demand or request for sexual favors; any other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature. The critical factor is the unwelcomed behavior, thereby making the impact of such actions on the recipient more relevant rather than intent of the perpetrator. As per the Indian Constitution, sexual harassment infringes the fundamental ight of a woman to gender equality under Article 14 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and live with dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution. Although there is no specific law against sexual harassment at workplace in India but many provisions in other legislations protect against sexual harassment at workplace, such as Section 354, IPC deals with â€Å"assault or criminal for ce to a woman with the intent to outrage her modesty, and Section 509, IPC deals with â€Å"word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman. What amounts to sexual harassment? In 1997 in Vishaka Vs. State of Rajasthan and others, for the first time sexual harassment had been explicitly- legally defined as an unwelcome sexual gesture or behaviour whether directly or indirectly as 1. Sexually coloured remarks 2. Physical contact and advances 3. Showing pornography 4. A demand or request for sexual favours 5. Any other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature. It was in this landmark case that the sexual harassment was identified as a separate illegal behaviour. The critical factor in sexual harassment is the unwelcomeness of the behaviour. Thereby making the impact of such actions on the recipient more relevant rather than intent of the perpetrator- which is to be considered. In any kind of organization i. e. government, private or public enterprises such kind of conduct creates an apprehension in the minds of the employees that if they don’t perform the work given to them they will be one the victims of sexual harassment and thereby it creates fear in their minds. On the other hands it is also the employer who might threat the employee regarding there transfer, promotion etc. nd it has been seen in the corporates that the employer do ask for some kind of favour in order to give the job, transfer or promotion or for that matter in order to increase their salary. All this amounts to Sexual Harassment because it is done against the will of the person and the employees who are in need of the above things do agree to the terms of the employer. In other words it can be said that, it is discriminatory when the woman h as reasonable grounds to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment or work including recruiting or promotion or when it creates a hostile work environment. Adverse consequences might be visited if the victim does not consent to the conduct in question or raises any objection thereto. Laws under which a case can be filed In India there is no specific law relating to Sexual Harassment at workplace but there are certain sections in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Constitution and certain other laws and Acts that protect the women’s from sexual harassment at workplace and they are as follows: Section 354, IPC deals with assault or criminal force to a woman with the intent to outrage her modesty and lays down that: Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine or both. In cases where the accused sexually harasses or insults the modesty of a woman by way of either- obscene acts or songs or- by means of words, gesture, or acts intended to insult the modesty of a woman, he shall be punished under Sections. 94 and 509 respectively. Under Sec. 294 the obscene act or song must cause annoyance. Though annoyance is an important ingredient of this offence, it being associated with the mental condition, has often to be inferred from proved facts. However, another important ingredient of this offence is that the obscene acts or songs must be committed or sung in or near any public place. Section 509, IPC deals with word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman and lays down that: Whoever intending to insult the modesty of any woman utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen by such woman, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or both. (Cognizable and bailable offences). Civil suit can be filed for damages under tort laws. That is, the basis for filing the case would be mental anguish, physical harassment, loss of income and employment caused by the sexual harassment. Under the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act (1987) if an individual harasses another with books, photographs, paintings, films, pamphlets, packages, etc. containing â€Å"indecent representation of women†; they are liable for a minimum sentence of 2 years. Section 7 (Offenses by Companies) holds companies where there has been â€Å"indecent representation of women† (such as the display of pornography) on the premises guilty of offenses under this act, with a minimum sentence of 2 years. Early history of the use of the term â€Å"Sexual harassment† The term sexual harassment was used in 1973 in a report to the then President and Chancellor of MIT about various forms of gender issues. In the book In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (1999), journalist Susan Brown miller quotes the Cornell activists who in 1975 thought they had coined the term sexual harassment: â€Å"Eight of them were sitting in an office †¦ brainstorming about what they were going to write on posters for their speak-out. They were referring to it as ‘sexual intimidation,’ ‘sexual coercion,’ ‘sexual exploitation on the job. None of those names seemed quite right. They wanted something that embraced a whole range of subtle and un-subtle persistent behaviors. Somebody came up with ‘harassment. ‘ ‘Sexual harassment! ‘ Instantly they agreed. That’s what it was. † These activists, Lin Farley, Susan Meyer, and Karen Sauvigne w ent on to form Working Women’s Institute which, along with the Alliance against Sexual Coercion, founded in 1976 by Freada Klein, Lynn Wehrli, and Elizabeth Cohn-Stuntz, were among the pioneer organizations to bring sexual harassment to public attention in the late 1970s. Harassment Situations Sexual harassments can occur in a variety of circumstances. Often, but not always, the harasser is in a position of power or authority over the victim (due to differences in age, or social, political, educational or employment relationships). The harasser and the victim can be anyone and of any gender, such as a client, a co-worker, a teacher or professor, a student, a friend, or a stranger. The victim does not have to be the person directly harassed but can be anyone who finds the behavior offensive and is affected by it. Adverse effects on the target are common. The harasser does not have to be of the opposite sex. The harasser may be completely unaware that his or her behavior is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment or may be completely unaware that his or her actions could be unlawful. Misunderstanding can result from a situation where one thinks he/she is making themselves clear, but is not understood the way they intended. The misunderstanding can either be reasonable or unreasonable. An example of unreasonable is when a man holds a certain stereotypical view of a woman such that he did not understand the woman’s explicit message to stop. Types of harassment There is often more than one type of harassing behavior present, so a single harasser may fit more than one category. The different types of harassment could be; Stalking. Pest, Bully, Power-Player, Mother/Father figure (a. k. a the counselor helper), Groper, One-Of-The-Gang, Serial Harasser, Opportunist, Confidante, Situational Harasser etc. Steps to be taken by the employers In Vishaka Vs. State of Rajasthan and others, the Supreme Court in absence of ny enacted law (which still remains absent- save the Supreme Court guidelines as stated hereunder) to provide for effective enforcement of basic human rights of gender equality and guarantee against sexual harassment, laid down the following guidelines: All Employers or persons in charge of work place whether in public or private sector should take appropriate steps to prevent sexual harassment. Without prejudice to the generality of this obligation they should take the following steps: (a) Express prohibition of s exual harassment as defined, above at the work place should be notified, published and circulated in appropriate ways. b) The Rules/Regulations of Government and Public Sector bodies relating to conduct and discipline should include rules / regulations prohibiting sexual harassment and provide for appropriate penalties in such rules against the offender. (c) As regards private employers steps should be taken to include the aforesaid prohibitions in the standing orders under the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1940. d) Appropriate work conditions should be provided in respect of work, leisure, health and hygiene to further ensure that there is no hostile environment towards women at work places and no employee woman should have reasonable grounds to believe that she is disadvantaged in connection with her employment. Awareness Rights of female employees in this regard should be created in particular by prominently notifying the guidelines (and appropriate legislation whe n enacted on the subject) in a suitable manner. This is one of the most important factors that should be taken up seriously both by the employer and the government. The female employees should be made aware of the rights that are available to them relating to Sexual Harassment. In the metropolitan cities the female employees working in good companies and working at high level are very well about their rights but those females who are working at the low level and in small towns hardly know about their rights which they can exercise for any kind of sexual harassment thereby getting relief from the court as well as their dignity lost due to this harassment. Effects of sexual harassment on organizations Sexual Harassment has an adverse effect on the organization as the working enthusiasm of the sexually harassed female employee goes down, she is not able to work in the same way as she was before being harassed and thus she is not able to give her 100% to the organization thereby leading to decreased job satisfaction. This is only one the factor there might be loss of staff and expertise from resignations to avoid harassment or resignations/firings of alleged harassers; loss of students who leave school to avoid harassment. And the most important there might be decrease in the productivity level and increase in team conflicts. Decrease in success at meeting financial goals (because of team conflict) and this may lead to loss for the organization as they fail to achieve the goal of the organization. Some other problems that the organization has to face due to the harassment; Increased health care costs and sick pay costs because of the health consequences of harassment, the knowledge that harassment is permitted can undermine ethical standards and discipline in the organization in general, as staff and/or students lose respect for, and trust in, their seniors who indulge in, or turn a blind eye to, sexual harassment, if the problem is ignored, a company’s or school’s image can suffer, legal costs if the problem is ignored and complainants take the issue to court. Some famous case laws relating to Sexual Harassment One of the most famous case laws in the history of India relating to sexual harassment is Vishaka v State of Rajasthan and others, wherein for the first time the definition of sexual harassment was defined, certain guidelines pertaining to the employers were laid down, as to how their contribution in the organization could avoid sexual harassment of the female employees in the organization. In this particular case a writ petition was filed by ‘Vishaka’- a non Governmental organization working for gender equality by way of PIL seeking enforcement of fundamental rights of working women under Article. 21 of the Constitution. case: A K. Chopra’s case, is the first case in which the Supreme Court applied the law laid down in Vishaka’s case and upheld the dismissal of a superior officer of the Delhi based Apparel Export Promotion Council who was found guilty of sexual harassment of a subordinate female employee at the place of work on the ground that it violated her fundamental right guaranteed by Article. 21 of the Constitution. In both cases the Supreme Court observed, that † In cases involving Human Rights, the Courts must be alive to the International Conventions and Instruments as far as possible to give effect to the principles contained therein- such as the Convention on the Eradication of All forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979 [CE DAW] and the Beijing Declaration directing all state parties to take appropriate measures to prevent such discrimination. † The guidelines and judgments have identified sexual harassment as a question of power exerted by the perpetrator on the victim. Therefore sexual harassment in addition to being a violation of the right to safe working conditions is also a violation of the right to bodily integrity of the woman. In Rupan Deol Bajaj Vs. K PS. Gill, a senior IAS officer, Rupan Bajaj was slapped on the posterior by the then Chief of Police, Punjab- Mr. K P S. Gill at a dinner party in July 1988. Rupan Bajaj filed a suit against him, despite the public opinion that she was blowing it out of proportion, along with the attempts by all the senior officials of the state to suppress the matter. The Supreme Court in January, 1998 fined Mr. K P S. Gill Rs. 2. 5 lacs in lieu of three months Rigorous Imprisonment under Sections. 294 and 509 of the Indian Penal Code. In N Radhabai Vs. D. Ramchandran, Radhabai, Secretary to D Ramchandran, the then social minister for state protested against his abuse of girls in the welfare institutions, he attempted to molest her, which was followed by her dismissal. The Supreme Court in 1995 passed the judgment in her favour, with back pay and perks from the date of dismissal. These are some of the famous case laws in the history of India which have completely justified sexual harassment at a workplace and held the accused liable, be it a Chief Police Officer or a Social minister. Conclusion Sexual Harassment at workplace, it’s not only the duty of the employer to make sure that the female employees are provided with the proper working conditions, rules and regulations etc. it’s also the duty of the female employees to make sure that where ever they are working is that a safe place, there is no kind of fear as to promotion, transfer, salary etc. if she refuses to take the offer given to her. It’s also their duty to make sure that they inform the management of the head of the organization if any kind of unwelcomed behavior is being noticed by them so that the organization can take the right step at the right time. The females working in corporate sectors the big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru are very well aware about their rights or as or as to what steps should be taken if sexual harassment is done to them but then there are hardly any female employees working in small industries, villages where the rate of sexual harassment is high know about all the laws, rights and reliefs that are available for them. In the past three years there have been thirty police official who have been arrested for sexual harassment. Now if the helpers of the law are going to do this then what can we expect form the ordinary citizens. The Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill 2010 focuses on women’s right to protection against sexual harassment at the workplace. The Passing of this bill will empower the women to action against the wrongdoer in a more powerful and stronger manner. How to cite Sexual Harassment at Workplace, Essay examples Sexual Harassment at Workplace Free Essays Sexual Harassment At Workplace We are still carrying that legacy where women are treated as secondary to men. True, the times have changed with Industrial Revolution and then the technological advances; women have been recognized as equal to men all over. But the legacy which was carried from so many ages goes on and it takes time to change the mind sets of all Indians. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harassment at Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now The political system has to change and the entire systems ale customs like Sati etc. hich are still rampant in some parts of India and yes the dowry system which is present everywhere have to go if women have to enjoy equal respect along with men. As long as these evil practices continue and till commercialization of women through each and every useless advertisement is practiced harassment of women not only in work place but in home, in street, in college everywhere will continue and male chauvinism tries to dominate the female submissiveness everywhere. According to the Protection of Human Right Act, 1993 â€Å"human rights† means the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India. It is necessary and expedient for employers in work places as well as other responsible persons or institutions to observe certain guidelines to ensure the prevention of sexual harassment of women as to live with dignity is a human right guaranteed by our constitution. India In India Sexual harassment has been termed as â€Å"Eve teasing† and is described as: unwelcome sexual gesture or behavior whether directly or indirectly as sexually colored remarks; physical contact and advances; showing pornography; a demand or request for sexual favors; any other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature. The critical factor is the unwelcomed behavior, thereby making the impact of such actions on the recipient more relevant rather than intent of the perpetrator. As per the Indian Constitution, sexual harassment infringes the fundamental ight of a woman to gender equality under Article 14 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and live with dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution. Although there is no specific law against sexual harassment at workplace in India but many provisions in other legislations protect against sexual harassment at workplace, such as Section 354, IPC deals with â€Å"assault or criminal for ce to a woman with the intent to outrage her modesty, and Section 509, IPC deals with â€Å"word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman. What amounts to sexual harassment? In 1997 in Vishaka Vs. State of Rajasthan and others, for the first time sexual harassment had been explicitly- legally defined as an unwelcome sexual gesture or behaviour whether directly or indirectly as 1. Sexually coloured remarks 2. Physical contact and advances 3. Showing pornography 4. A demand or request for sexual favours 5. Any other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature. It was in this landmark case that the sexual harassment was identified as a separate illegal behaviour. The critical factor in sexual harassment is the unwelcomeness of the behaviour. Thereby making the impact of such actions on the recipient more relevant rather than intent of the perpetrator- which is to be considered. In any kind of organization i. e. government, private or public enterprises such kind of conduct creates an apprehension in the minds of the employees that if they don’t perform the work given to them they will be one the victims of sexual harassment and thereby it creates fear in their minds. On the other hands it is also the employer who might threat the employee regarding there transfer, promotion etc. nd it has been seen in the corporates that the employer do ask for some kind of favour in order to give the job, transfer or promotion or for that matter in order to increase their salary. All this amounts to Sexual Harassment because it is done against the will of the person and the employees who are in need of the above things do agree to the terms of the employer. In other words it can be said that, it is discriminatory when the woman h as reasonable grounds to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment or work including recruiting or promotion or when it creates a hostile work environment. Adverse consequences might be visited if the victim does not consent to the conduct in question or raises any objection thereto. Laws under which a case can be filed In India there is no specific law relating to Sexual Harassment at workplace but there are certain sections in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Constitution and certain other laws and Acts that protect the women’s from sexual harassment at workplace and they are as follows: Section 354, IPC deals with assault or criminal force to a woman with the intent to outrage her modesty and lays down that: Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine or both. In cases where the accused sexually harasses or insults the modesty of a woman by way of either- obscene acts or songs or- by means of words, gesture, or acts intended to insult the modesty of a woman, he shall be punished under Sections. 94 and 509 respectively. Under Sec. 294 the obscene act or song must cause annoyance. Though annoyance is an important ingredient of this offence, it being associated with the mental condition, has often to be inferred from proved facts. However, another important ingredient of this offence is that the obscene acts or songs must be committed or sung in or near any public place. Section 509, IPC deals with word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman and lays down that: Whoever intending to insult the modesty of any woman utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen by such woman, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or both. (Cognizable and bailable offences). Civil suit can be filed for damages under tort laws. That is, the basis for filing the case would be mental anguish, physical harassment, loss of income and employment caused by the sexual harassment. Under the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act (1987) if an individual harasses another with books, photographs, paintings, films, pamphlets, packages, etc. containing â€Å"indecent representation of women†; they are liable for a minimum sentence of 2 years. Section 7 (Offenses by Companies) holds companies where there has been â€Å"indecent representation of women† (such as the display of pornography) on the premises guilty of offenses under this act, with a minimum sentence of 2 years. Early history of the use of the term â€Å"Sexual harassment† The term sexual harassment was used in 1973 in a report to the then President and Chancellor of MIT about various forms of gender issues. In the book In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (1999), journalist Susan Brown miller quotes the Cornell activists who in 1975 thought they had coined the term sexual harassment: â€Å"Eight of them were sitting in an office †¦ brainstorming about what they were going to write on posters for their speak-out. They were referring to it as ‘sexual intimidation,’ ‘sexual coercion,’ ‘sexual exploitation on the job. None of those names seemed quite right. They wanted something that embraced a whole range of subtle and un-subtle persistent behaviors. Somebody came up with ‘harassment. ‘ ‘Sexual harassment! ‘ Instantly they agreed. That’s what it was. † These activists, Lin Farley, Susan Meyer, and Karen Sauvigne w ent on to form Working Women’s Institute which, along with the Alliance against Sexual Coercion, founded in 1976 by Freada Klein, Lynn Wehrli, and Elizabeth Cohn-Stuntz, were among the pioneer organizations to bring sexual harassment to public attention in the late 1970s. Harassment Situations Sexual harassments can occur in a variety of circumstances. Often, but not always, the harasser is in a position of power or authority over the victim (due to differences in age, or social, political, educational or employment relationships). The harasser and the victim can be anyone and of any gender, such as a client, a co-worker, a teacher or professor, a student, a friend, or a stranger. The victim does not have to be the person directly harassed but can be anyone who finds the behavior offensive and is affected by it. Adverse effects on the target are common. The harasser does not have to be of the opposite sex. The harasser may be completely unaware that his or her behavior is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment or may be completely unaware that his or her actions could be unlawful. Misunderstanding can result from a situation where one thinks he/she is making themselves clear, but is not understood the way they intended. The misunderstanding can either be reasonable or unreasonable. An example of unreasonable is when a man holds a certain stereotypical view of a woman such that he did not understand the woman’s explicit message to stop. Types of harassment There is often more than one type of harassing behavior present, so a single harasser may fit more than one category. The different types of harassment could be; Stalking. Pest, Bully, Power-Player, Mother/Father figure (a. k. a the counselor helper), Groper, One-Of-The-Gang, Serial Harasser, Opportunist, Confidante, Situational Harasser etc. Steps to be taken by the employers In Vishaka Vs. State of Rajasthan and others, the Supreme Court in absence of ny enacted law (which still remains absent- save the Supreme Court guidelines as stated hereunder) to provide for effective enforcement of basic human rights of gender equality and guarantee against sexual harassment, laid down the following guidelines: All Employers or persons in charge of work place whether in public or private sector should take appropriate steps to prevent sexual harassment. Without prejudice to the generality of this obligation they should take the following steps: (a) Express prohibition of s exual harassment as defined, above at the work place should be notified, published and circulated in appropriate ways. b) The Rules/Regulations of Government and Public Sector bodies relating to conduct and discipline should include rules / regulations prohibiting sexual harassment and provide for appropriate penalties in such rules against the offender. (c) As regards private employers steps should be taken to include the aforesaid prohibitions in the standing orders under the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1940. d) Appropriate work conditions should be provided in respect of work, leisure, health and hygiene to further ensure that there is no hostile environment towards women at work places and no employee woman should have reasonable grounds to believe that she is disadvantaged in connection with her employment. Awareness Rights of female employees in this regard should be created in particular by prominently notifying the guidelines (and appropriate legislation whe n enacted on the subject) in a suitable manner. This is one of the most important factors that should be taken up seriously both by the employer and the government. The female employees should be made aware of the rights that are available to them relating to Sexual Harassment. In the metropolitan cities the female employees working in good companies and working at high level are very well about their rights but those females who are working at the low level and in small towns hardly know about their rights which they can exercise for any kind of sexual harassment thereby getting relief from the court as well as their dignity lost due to this harassment. Effects of sexual harassment on organizations Sexual Harassment has an adverse effect on the organization as the working enthusiasm of the sexually harassed female employee goes down, she is not able to work in the same way as she was before being harassed and thus she is not able to give her 100% to the organization thereby leading to decreased job satisfaction. This is only one the factor there might be loss of staff and expertise from resignations to avoid harassment or resignations/firings of alleged harassers; loss of students who leave school to avoid harassment. And the most important there might be decrease in the productivity level and increase in team conflicts. Decrease in success at meeting financial goals (because of team conflict) and this may lead to loss for the organization as they fail to achieve the goal of the organization. Some other problems that the organization has to face due to the harassment; Increased health care costs and sick pay costs because of the health consequences of harassment, the knowledge that harassment is permitted can undermine ethical standards and discipline in the organization in general, as staff and/or students lose respect for, and trust in, their seniors who indulge in, or turn a blind eye to, sexual harassment, if the problem is ignored, a company’s or school’s image can suffer, legal costs if the problem is ignored and complainants take the issue to court. Some famous case laws relating to Sexual Harassment One of the most famous case laws in the history of India relating to sexual harassment is Vishaka v State of Rajasthan and others, wherein for the first time the definition of sexual harassment was defined, certain guidelines pertaining to the employers were laid down, as to how their contribution in the organization could avoid sexual harassment of the female employees in the organization. In this particular case a writ petition was filed by ‘Vishaka’- a non Governmental organization working for gender equality by way of PIL seeking enforcement of fundamental rights of working women under Article. 21 of the Constitution. case: A K. Chopra’s case, is the first case in which the Supreme Court applied the law laid down in Vishaka’s case and upheld the dismissal of a superior officer of the Delhi based Apparel Export Promotion Council who was found guilty of sexual harassment of a subordinate female employee at the place of work on the ground that it violated her fundamental right guaranteed by Article. 21 of the Constitution. In both cases the Supreme Court observed, that † In cases involving Human Rights, the Courts must be alive to the International Conventions and Instruments as far as possible to give effect to the principles contained therein- such as the Convention on the Eradication of All forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979 [CE DAW] and the Beijing Declaration directing all state parties to take appropriate measures to prevent such discrimination. † The guidelines and judgments have identified sexual harassment as a question of power exerted by the perpetrator on the victim. Therefore sexual harassment in addition to being a violation of the right to safe working conditions is also a violation of the right to bodily integrity of the woman. In Rupan Deol Bajaj Vs. K PS. Gill, a senior IAS officer, Rupan Bajaj was slapped on the posterior by the then Chief of Police, Punjab- Mr. K P S. Gill at a dinner party in July 1988. Rupan Bajaj filed a suit against him, despite the public opinion that she was blowing it out of proportion, along with the attempts by all the senior officials of the state to suppress the matter. The Supreme Court in January, 1998 fined Mr. K P S. Gill Rs. 2. 5 lacs in lieu of three months Rigorous Imprisonment under Sections. 294 and 509 of the Indian Penal Code. In N Radhabai Vs. D. Ramchandran, Radhabai, Secretary to D Ramchandran, the then social minister for state protested against his abuse of girls in the welfare institutions, he attempted to molest her, which was followed by her dismissal. The Supreme Court in 1995 passed the judgment in her favour, with back pay and perks from the date of dismissal. These are some of the famous case laws in the history of India which have completely justified sexual harassment at a workplace and held the accused liable, be it a Chief Police Officer or a Social minister. Conclusion Sexual Harassment at workplace, it’s not only the duty of the employer to make sure that the female employees are provided with the proper working conditions, rules and regulations etc. it’s also the duty of the female employees to make sure that where ever they are working is that a safe place, there is no kind of fear as to promotion, transfer, salary etc. if she refuses to take the offer given to her. It’s also their duty to make sure that they inform the management of the head of the organization if any kind of unwelcomed behavior is being noticed by them so that the organization can take the right step at the right time. The females working in corporate sectors the big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru are very well aware about their rights or as or as to what steps should be taken if sexual harassment is done to them but then there are hardly any female employees working in small industries, villages where the rate of sexual harassment is high know about all the laws, rights and reliefs that are available for them. In the past three years there have been thirty police official who have been arrested for sexual harassment. Now if the helpers of the law are going to do this then what can we expect form the ordinary citizens. The Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill 2010 focuses on women’s right to protection against sexual harassment at the workplace. The Passing of this bill will empower the women to action against the wrongdoer in a more powerful and stronger manner. How to cite Sexual Harassment at Workplace, Papers

To Kill A Mockingbird Essays (1070 words) - To Kill A Mockingbird

To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is definitely an excellent novel in that it portrays life and the role of racism in the 1930's. A reader may not interpret several aspects in and of the book through just the plain text. Boo Radley, Atticus, and the title represent three such things. Not really disclosed to the reader until the end of the book, Arthur "Boo" Radley plays an important role in the development of both Scout and Jem. In the beginning of the story, Jem, Scout, and Dill fabricate horror stories about Boo. They find Boo as a character of their amusement, and one who has no feelings whatsoever. They tried to get a peep at him, just to see what Boo looked like. Scout connects Boo with the Mockingbird. Mrs. Maudie defines a mockingbird as one who "?don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up people's gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us" (94). Boo is exactly that. Boo is the person who put a blanket around Scout and Jem when it was cold. Boo was the one putting "gifts" in the tree. Boo even sewed up Jem's pants that tore on Dill's last night. Boo was the one who saved their lives. On the contrary to Scout's primary belief, Boo never harms anyone. Scout also realizes that she wrongfully treated Boo when she thinks about the gifts in the tree. She never gave anything back to Boo, except love at the end. When Scout escorts Arthur home and stands on his front porch, she sees the same street she saw, just from an entirely different perspective. Scout learns what a Mockingbird is, and who represents one. Arthur Radley not only plays an important role in developing Scout and Jem, but helps in developing the novel. Boo can be divided into three stages. Primitively, Boo is Scout's worst nightmare. However, the author hints at Boo actually existing as a nice person when he places things in the tree. The secondary stage is when Mrs. Maudie's house burned to the ground. As Scout and Jem were standing near Boo's house, it must have been rather cold. So, Boo places a warm and snug blanket around Scout and Jem, to keep them warm. This scene shows Boo's more sensitive and caring side of him, and shows that he really has changed after stabbing his father. The last and definitely most important stage is when he kills Bob Ewell to save Scout and Jem. This stage portrays Boo as the hero and one who has indefinitely changed his personality and attitudes. After the final stage, Boo does not deserve to be locked up inside his house. Atticus Finch is a man of strong morals. He follows them exclusively, and does not hold up to the Finch family name, as defined by Aunt Alexandria. Atticus is the most pure and good-hearted person one may ever `see.` Although it does not seem like it, Scout will evolve into her father; Jem will not. Scout finally understand all the things he says. For example, in the beginning Atticus tells Scout, "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view?until you climb into his skin and walk around in it" (34). She then realizes that Mrs. Caroline did not know Maycomb, and could not just learn it in one day. Scout comes to terms that it was wrong to become upset with Mrs. Caroline. Scout learns several other lessons. For example, on page 94, Atticus says his most important line in the book, "?remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." Through clarifications from Mrs. Maudie, Scout accepts her father's words. Atticus also teaches his kids a lesson when he defends Tom Robinson, an innocent black person. Although Atticus knew from the instant he accepted the case that Tom had no chance, he had to do his duty as an honest and impartial citizen of Maycomb. Atticus poured his heart into defending Atticus, and did a damn fine job. He taught his kids the right thing, that all individuals are created equal.

Boundaries Issues Essays - Interpersonal Relationships, Free Essays

Boundaries Issues Essays - Interpersonal Relationships, Free Essays Boundaries Issues Will Darden, Susan Scott, Sarah Pherigo, Joan Lesley Laura Rubio BSHS/335 April 6, 2015 Stephanie Chupein Boundaries Issues A caseworker and client should have boundaries. And these boundaries can be crossed by them in different situations. The relationship is not only about counseling, the boundary can occur when the professionals assume two or more roles at the same time with the client. This may involve the counselor assuming more than one professional role (such as instructor and therapists) or blending a professional and a nonprofessional relationship (such as counselor and friend or counselor and business partner (Corey, G., Corey, Schneider, M., Callanan, P. (2011). There are positives and negatives to every situation. Dual relationships are one of these situations that could have a good or bad outcome. It would depend on the people involved and their values and beliefs. Some examples of this would be if you were to have a sexual relationship with a client or even a former client. Also if you were to become close with a client outside of a professional relationship, for example if you were calling the client and going out to the movies with them. When working in the human service profession you must understand the importance of setting boundaries. One of the most important aspects that a counselor should instill into their work ethics is to build a strong, healthy line of communication and trust in themselves and with their clients. This line of trust will determine if you will have a good working relationship with your client, and that will also determine if the sessions will succeed or will have to be terminated. The professional must understand that mixing a personal and professional relationship with the client could end up in a negative outcome. The purpose of the Code of Ethics is to provide professionals, clients, and others involved with guidelines for making ethical choices in their work. There are ways that a professional can protect themselves in these situations, which would be if they feel that they are getting to close to a client they should talk to someone about it, and ask what steps should be taken to help distance yourself from the client. As a professional we must set boundaries for ourselves, that way we can safeguard ourselves from something like this happening to us.

Chinas Dynasties Circa 2100 BCE - 1911 CE

Chinas Dynasties Circa 2100 BCE - 1911 CE The history of China stretches back into the mists of time. For centuries, scholars from China and abroad believed that the ancient dynasties - those prior to the Qin - were simply mythical. However, the discovery in 1899 of oracle bones from the Shang Dynasty dating back to c. 1500 BCE proved that this dynasty actually existed. The bones provided impressive amounts of information about the Shang royal family, religious beliefs and other aspects of life more than 3,500 years ago. Firm evidence for the Xia Dynasty has yet to be found... but do not bet against it! 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors Period (c. 2850 - c. 2200 BCE) Xia Dynasty (c. 2100 - c. 1600 BCE) Shang Dynasty (c. 1700 - 1046 BCE) Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066 - 256 BCE) Qin Dynasty (221 - 206 BCE) Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 CE) Jin Dynasty (265 - 420) 16 Kingdoms Period (304 - 439) Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589) Sui Dynasty (581 - 618) Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907 - 960) Song Dynasty (906 - 1279) Liao Dynasty (907 - 1125) Western Xia Dynasty (1038 - 1227) Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234) Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911)

Effect of Ocean acidification upon ability to genetically adapt in Essay - 3

Effect of Ocean acidification upon ability to genetically adapt in Nereis species - Essay Example As such the project will examine how environmental stress manifest itself upon regulation of reproduction, and ultimately, reproductive success. To study the adaptive capacity and resilience in worms, the project will evaluate variations, which are observed in worms that are moved between various pH conditions. This evaluation can also serve as a measure for biomarkers that indicate effects of such pH stress. Studies of specimens that stem from volcanic vents, where release of carbon dioxide occurs, provide an opportunity to learn about the natural ecosystems (Fabry, et al., 2008) that have a low pH. It also provides a potential model to study the likelihood of species acclimatising and living in low pH habitats. The study should reveal more about the mechanisms that allow these worms to survive in these harsh environments. The main aim of this project is to evaluate the molecular and biochemical basis of pH acclimatisation, and the role of environmental factors such as temperature and carbon dioxide levels, which define the vent environment. Ocean acidification involves lowering the pH of ocean water, resulting from an increase in the uptake of CO2. Oceanic CO2 levels have increased over the past centuries, and they continue to rise at higher rates than ever. This has the effect of reducing the natural buffering capacity of the ocean, as well as lowering the pH of the water (Fabry, et al., 2008). Existing in natural CO2 vents, P. dumerilii has exhibited its ability to survive in such extremely low pH levels (Davidson, 2013), as compared to related Nereid species such as Nereis succinea, Nereis diversicolor and Nereis zonata. These pH levels range from 6.6-7.3 in the CO2 vents that exist in Ischia (Calosi, et al., 2013) and P. dumerilii is known to thrive in these vents whilst N. zonata co-occurs in the Ischia area but is not known to inhabit the low pH vents (VodÄÆ', 2015).

Accounting in Society Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting in Society - Case Study Example There comes the question of consideration whether the presence of the accounting standards is a good or bad thing. There have been several arguments, in though of Baxter, regarding the presence of the accounting standards because there can be commands as well as regulations which help to run life more smoothly while there is the requirement of flexibility in dealing with certain aspects. It should be considered about the benefits that prevail through the presence of the accounting standards because the standards lay emphasis on what should be done rather than why and how it should be done. Therefore, it is quite important to consider whether having the accounting standards is good or bad because at one side they may make life easy by providing a set of rules and on the other hand it may create life difficult by taking away the flexibility of an accountant. The history of the accounting standards began in the late 1930’s when the idea of accounting based on the standard came to light. United States and the United Kingdom were among the countries which were thoroughly involved in the development of the accounting standards at the start and gave the accounting standards some initial touches. The history of both the countries which brought us the accounting standards today is outlined below with their levels of development in both the United States and United Kingdom. The US based standards took a series of stages to develop and come into a shape. In the beginning, the process was initiated by the committee on accounting procedures in 1939 who issued Accounting research bulletins. The committee worked for around 20 years and issued 50 Accounting Research Bulletins. There was a lot of criticism on that committee and their work because they were accused of not relying on the research that much. Therefore, in its place an Accounting Principles Board came in

Comparison between SOAP and REST

Comparison between SOAP and REST Dickriven Chellemboyee Table of Contents (Jump to) Abstract Introduction to Software Architecture Service-Oriented Architecture Resource-Oriented Architecture Web service SOAP REST RESTful Features SOAP WS-* REST Description Language WSDL WADL Message Format XML JavaScript Object Notation Pros and Cons Pros of SOAP over REST Cons of SOAP over REST Statistics Real Life Scenario Conclusion References List of Figures Figure 1: Basic web service Figure 2: Comparison of web services usage in 2006 and in 2011 Figure 3: Web service with JSON support Figure 4: New web service with JSON support only Figure 5: Web service with XML support Abstract The main aim of this document is to describe the two common software architectures mostly used in distributed system namely Service-Oriented Architecture and Resource-Oriented Architecture. The document provides a high-level descriptions of the two software architectures and implementation of those software architectures in the form of web services. Web services allow interaction between applications. Web services are compared and contrasted. The document describes and compares the differences between two types of web services namely SOAP-based web service and REST-based web services. Introduction to Software Architecture Service-Oriented Architecture Service-Oriented Architecture is a concept aims to improve flexibility by organizing and utilizing nodes of a network [1]. SOA enables the realization of business functionalities by allowing interactions between service providers and service consumers [2]. SOA turn application functions into services which can be consume by other applications over a network. A service describes the business function, self-contained and developed independently. It is defined by a verb, for example: validate user [3]. Services are simply a collection of service with independent methods. Resource-Oriented Architecture Resource-oriented architecture is based on the concept of resource. It involves retrieving particular resource instance and it has operations for resource lifecycle management that is to create, read, update and delete resource. Requests are stateless, one request has no connection with the next one. Resources are identified by some address and data included within the request [4]. Web service A web service is a node of a network accessible interface to application functionalities that is a set of specifications to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction [2] [5]. The protocol and the format that are used for specific services are defined in those specifications. Figure 1 shows a basic web service where communication is done between two machines with different operation systems (Windows and Linux) and built with different programming language (Perl and Java). Figure 1: Basic web service SOAP SOAP originally Simple Object Access Protocol, is a set of rules for transferring organised information by the use of web services. SOAP uses XML based for transferring of information in a distributed computing style. SOAP is independent of transport protocol that is it can use any transport protocol for example HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP, etc. [6]. SOAP has been developed by Microsoft to replace older technologies like CORBA and DCOM SOAP has an RPC architecture, all web service are message-oriented as HTTP itself is message-oriented, SOAP uses a second envelope inside the HTTP one, that contains XML data which is a description of a RPC call similarly as XML-RPC. This is how SOAP is used to call a remote function or what the return value from a function. Soap message contains data, the action to perform, the headers and the error details in the case of failure [6]. It uses interfaces and named operations to expose the business logic. It makes use of WSDL to describe the services for client to use and UUDI to advertise their existence [6]. REST Representational State Transfer is a set of software architectural style for distributed computing system like the World Wide Web. REST is not a protocol. The REST term originated by Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation. Roy Fielding is one of the main author of the HTTP protocol specification. The REST term has quickly come in practise in the network community [7]. REST tries to fix the problems with SOAP and provides a truly method of using web services [8]. REST do not require to add another messaging layer to make the transfer to message as oppose to SOAP, REST transfer its message in the HTTP request. It concretes on design rules for making stateless services. Request and response are built by the transfer of representational of resources. A resource can be essentially the data (object) that may be addressed [6]. Rest recognizes everything as a resource (e.g. User). Each resource has a standard uniform interface, usually an HTTP interface, resources have a name and addresses (URIs). Each resource serves a unique resource since each URL are unique. The different types of operations that can be performed on the resource are done by the different HTTP operations also known as HTTP verbs which are GET, PUT, POST and DELETE. Each resource has one or more representation (JSON, XML, CSV, text, etc.) and the resource representations are transferred across the network [6]. REST allows the creation of ROA but it can be used for both ROA and SOA [3]. RESTful A RESTful web service is the implementation of REST principles. HTTP Methods GET getUser – retrieve user information DELETE deleteUser – delete user PUT createUser– create user HEAD – getInformation – get meta information POST – updateUser – modify user information Features SOAP Independent of transport protocol (http, ftp, tcp, udp , or named pipes) [6] It can perform asynchronous processing and invocation (e.g. JAX-WS) It caters for complex operations which require conversional state and contextual information to be maintained. WS-* SOAP has a different set of XML â€Å"stickers† for its SOAP envelope to provide enhance features to transport its message. These specifications are analogous to HTTP headers. Some of these specifications are described below: WS-Security Enterprise security features are provided by the WS-Security standards. It supports identity through intermediaries, also provides the implementation of data integrity and data privacy [9]. WS-ReliableMessaging Provides reliable messaging that is a successful/retry process built in and provides reliability through soap intermediaries [6]. REST don’t have such feature therefore it should deal with failures by retrying the request. WS-Trust Enables issue, renew and validate security tokens. WS-AtomicTransaction ACID transactions over a service, REST is not ACID compliant. [9] REST Does not enforce message format as XML or JSON or etc. It has a good caching infrastructure which greatly improve performance when the data is not altered often or is not dynamic Security is provided by the transport mechanism (SSL), it does not have dedicated concepts for each, it relies predominantly on HTTPS Description Language WSDL The Web Service Description Language is used to describe SOAP interface in XML format. A client can read the file and know exactly which methods it can call and the signatures of the methods. The client can discover services automatically and generate useable client proxy from the WSDL. Most SOAP web services would be very cumbersome to use without it. The WSDL is a machine-readable file that is an application can parse it and knows how to make a service call. When a service method is called, a POST request is made to the endpoint of the SOAP service which is a single URL for all API call and only POST requests can be made. The signature details are found in the WSDL document. WSDL version 2 caters for HTTP verbs and it can be useful for documenting RESTful system but it will still very verbose [6]. WADL The Web Application Description Language is used to describe RESTful web services using XML grammar. A client can load the WADL file and access the functionality of the RESTful web services directly. A WADL is normally less verbose than a WSDL [6]. However since RESTful web services have simpler interfaces, the WADL is not mandatory as opposed to WSDL is to SOAP-based web services. Message Format XML A client requires an XML parser in order to get the information from the XML document. The parsing of XML has to go through different stages (character conversion, lexical analysis and syntactic analysis) before machine can interpret it. The parsing of XML document can take a lot of time since XML is a very verbose document and as the XML document gets longer much more time is taken to parse it. By replacing XML document with a remote call, there will be a great performance improvement if both sides of the application uses the same binary logic [10]. JavaScript Object Notation XML is mainly used by most web services for request and response messages but a growing number of web services are using simple data structures (such as numbers, array) serialized as JSON-formatted strings. JSON is expected to be used by a JavaScript call; it is much easier to get a JavaScript data structure from JSON than from XML document. Web browsers don’t have a standard JavaScript interface for XML parser as every browser has a different interface for treating XML document. JSON is normally just a string with some constraints with JavaScript so we can say that JSON string is interoperable on all web browsers. JSON is not attached to JavaScript but an alternative data serialisation to XML. JSON is a simple language-independent method of formatting complex data structures (e.g. array, object, etc.) as string. [11] Pros and Cons Pros of SOAP over REST Some programming languages provides some shortcuts, reducing the effort needed to build a request and parse the response. For example with .NET technology, the XML is invisible in the user codes [8]. SOAP has more mature tool support as compare to REST, but this is likely to change in the future [12]. No native support for SOAP in mobile, even though there are third-party libraries to bring SOAP support, out of the box SOAP support is not available. [13] SOAP has a lot of rules thus make it restrictive as compared to REST in the implementation Cons of SOAP over REST It is much simpler to implement REST as compared to SOAP The learning curve for REST is smaller than SOAP The difficulty lies greatly in the chosen programming language to develop it since some IDE automate the process of generate or referencing the WSDL Has support for error handling and the error reporting provides a standard error codes which can be very useful to handle the request and response in the application consuming it. SOAP is sometimes considered to be slower than legacy system such as CORBA or ICE because of being too verbose [14] While some programming language provides some shortcut to SOAP services, it can be very cumbersome in some others such as JavaScript since an XML structure needs to be created each time a request should be made. Distributed environments is best suited for SOAP whereas REST assumes an end-to-end communication Has strict set of rules for every stage of implementation while REST provides a concept and less restrictive with the implementation Uses strongly type messages, which is a problem for loosely coupled systems. If type signature of an operation is changed, all the clients that was using it will failed [15]. REST is flexible for data representation, it is easier to understand as they add an element of using standardized URIs and give importance to HTTP verb used. They are lightweight as they don’t need extra XML mark-up [6]. SOAP uses XML structure which make it slow as compare Statistics A comparison of web services protocol, styles in 2006 and in 2011 from more than 2000 web services are shown below. It clearly demonstrate that most developers have moved from SOAP to REST. The interest in REST is growing very rapidly whose those in SOAP is declining [16]. Figure 2: Comparison of web services usage in 2006 and in 2011 Figure 3: Web service with JSON support Figure 4: New web service with JSON support only Figure 5: Web service with XML support Real Life Scenario Amazon has SOAP and REST based web services and around 85% of their usage is from the REST-based web service [17]. Although all the beautiful name with SOAP, it is an evidence that developers like the simpler one, that is the REST one [18]. Google has deprecated its SOAP services in favour of a RESTful, resource –oriented service [11] Nelson Minar, used SOAP-based web service to design Google API for Google search and AdWord, he stated to be wrong for choosing SOAP [15]. Conclusion SOAP is more useful for complex web service or when there is critical data involve such as banking transaction where retrying the same request can be very critical. If one need a web service up-and-running quickly, it is better to start with REST rather than SOAP. REST is a good option for web service which are meant to be simple, lightweight and fast. However after using one of the web service, it can be almost impossible to change it to the other one. It would be cheaper to re-build the web service. When making your decision on which type of web service to use, the decision should be which one best meets the requirements with the chosen programming language and in which environment it will be used. Even though SOAP is meant to be flexible to change, add new features, expanding it. It is not the case in practise by the use of strongly-type as it can make existing client to stop working just by changing the type of method signature. References 1

Definition of VARK Learning style

A learning style is the way us humans take in information, process, accumulate, and recall it. Students take in and process information in different ways: by seeing and hearing, reflecting and acting, reasoning logically and ostensibly, analyzing and visualizing, steadily and in fits and starts. VARK is commonly used learning style. It stands for visual, auditory, reading and writing, and kinesthetic learners. Summary of My Learning Style A multimodal study strategy is a method used when you have more than one preference that is discrete. It can also be when someone has no preferences to which study strategy they want to use. About 60% of the peoples study strategy is multimodal. Being multimodal means that you have multiple strong points in areas such as aural, reading, and writing. Those who are multimodal are context reserved which means they can choose a single mode to suit the situation. On the other hand, there are others who are not satisfied until they have had input in all of the preferred styles. They take an extensive period to gather information but often have an immersed and expansive understanding. For example, when trying to figure out something that will be brought about physically later, learners that absorb information better hands on do better when trying out something for themselves. In addition, this visual factor aids students to reproduce information on a test better. Different Learning Styles Visual learners gain information from maps such as diagrams, graphs, and charts. They learn things best through seeing them. Instead of using words, they need the information to be broke down into pieces so it is simply to comprehend. They tend to highlight information in difference colors which makes it easier for them to go back and study. These learners need to see the teacher's body language and facial expression to fully comprehend the composition of a lesson. They favor to prefer sitting at the front of the classroom to avoid visual obstructions. A learner who consumes information from listening is an aural learner. In order for them to absorb information, they attend classes and discussions, discuss the topics with their peers, and can describe visuals to other people. By listening, they are able to obtain information. Aural learners are not able to take good notes and they have to read what they have on paper aloud to someone else. They perform well on a test if they spend time alone recalling ideas and speaking answers out loud or inside their head. Most people can’t understand what people say unless it’s in their own words. Auditory learners explicate the underlying meanings of speech through listening to tone of voice, pitch, speed and other distinctions. Written information may have little meaning until it is heard. Learners who learn by reading and writing have a preference for information being delivered as words. After reading information, they have to write it down so they are able to grasp the material. They take in information from places like handouts, textbooks, notes, and glossaries. Powerpoints are a device that helps them summarize the information. They read information in books and the internet and afterwards write the material they read into their own words. This helps them process and retain information longer than just reading or listening. Kinesthetic learners use their senses to obtain material. Kinesthetic persons learn best through a hands-on approach, actively exploring the physical world around them. They find it hard to sit still for long periods and may become distracted by their need for activity and exploration. They take field trips, work with hands on activities, and use trial and error. They also need real life examples, applications and examples of principles. In order for them to learn the information, they need to remember the real life examples and pictures that were used. Lecture notes don’t really help them because they didn’t understand the concrete information from the beginning because it wasn’t relevant to them. They do better on tests if they have a role play for the information and practice problems that are similar to the information. Kinesthetic learners need a visual aid so the information can be drawn out for them into smaller pieces. They tend to draw out the message rather than reading it out loud or writing it. The phrase â€Å"picture is worth a thousand words† is true for people who fall in this category. They need to see how everything is put together in order for them to gather the information. Comparison of Learning Styles The difference between all the learning strategies is the way you absorb information. Unlike reading, writing, and aural learners, kinesthetic learners have to visualize what they are being taught. Aural learners attain information by listening to lectures and discussions. Others can gain information by reading and writing the material. People like me are multimodal learners, meaning that we can’t just stick one way of learning. Conclusion Depending on the subject, I learn better reading and writing or an aural learner. Listening to information more than once helps me occupy the material better. I also have to take notes and read it aloud so I am able to grasp the material. This helps me learn the information faster and I perform well on tests. I would like to try gaining knowledge from visual aids and more hands on activities. My goal is to improve on my weaker areas which are visual learning style and practice strategies that will allow me to build up the weaker areas.