Comparison between SOAP and REST

Comparison between SOAP and REST Dickriven Chellemboyee Table of Contents (Jump to) Abstract Introduction to Software Architecture Service-Oriented Architecture Resource-Oriented Architecture Web service SOAP REST RESTful Features SOAP WS-* REST Description Language WSDL WADL Message Format XML JavaScript Object Notation Pros and Cons Pros of SOAP over REST Cons of SOAP over REST Statistics Real Life Scenario Conclusion References List of Figures Figure 1: Basic web service Figure 2: Comparison of web services usage in 2006 and in 2011 Figure 3: Web service with JSON support Figure 4: New web service with JSON support only Figure 5: Web service with XML support Abstract The main aim of this document is to describe the two common software architectures mostly used in distributed system namely Service-Oriented Architecture and Resource-Oriented Architecture. The document provides a high-level descriptions of the two software architectures and implementation of those software architectures in the form of web services. Web services allow interaction between applications. Web services are compared and contrasted. The document describes and compares the differences between two types of web services namely SOAP-based web service and REST-based web services. Introduction to Software Architecture Service-Oriented Architecture Service-Oriented Architecture is a concept aims to improve flexibility by organizing and utilizing nodes of a network [1]. SOA enables the realization of business functionalities by allowing interactions between service providers and service consumers [2]. SOA turn application functions into services which can be consume by other applications over a network. A service describes the business function, self-contained and developed independently. It is defined by a verb, for example: validate user [3]. Services are simply a collection of service with independent methods. Resource-Oriented Architecture Resource-oriented architecture is based on the concept of resource. It involves retrieving particular resource instance and it has operations for resource lifecycle management that is to create, read, update and delete resource. Requests are stateless, one request has no connection with the next one. Resources are identified by some address and data included within the request [4]. Web service A web service is a node of a network accessible interface to application functionalities that is a set of specifications to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction [2] [5]. The protocol and the format that are used for specific services are defined in those specifications. Figure 1 shows a basic web service where communication is done between two machines with different operation systems (Windows and Linux) and built with different programming language (Perl and Java). Figure 1: Basic web service SOAP SOAP originally Simple Object Access Protocol, is a set of rules for transferring organised information by the use of web services. SOAP uses XML based for transferring of information in a distributed computing style. SOAP is independent of transport protocol that is it can use any transport protocol for example HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP, etc. [6]. SOAP has been developed by Microsoft to replace older technologies like CORBA and DCOM SOAP has an RPC architecture, all web service are message-oriented as HTTP itself is message-oriented, SOAP uses a second envelope inside the HTTP one, that contains XML data which is a description of a RPC call similarly as XML-RPC. This is how SOAP is used to call a remote function or what the return value from a function. Soap message contains data, the action to perform, the headers and the error details in the case of failure [6]. It uses interfaces and named operations to expose the business logic. It makes use of WSDL to describe the services for client to use and UUDI to advertise their existence [6]. REST Representational State Transfer is a set of software architectural style for distributed computing system like the World Wide Web. REST is not a protocol. The REST term originated by Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation. Roy Fielding is one of the main author of the HTTP protocol specification. The REST term has quickly come in practise in the network community [7]. REST tries to fix the problems with SOAP and provides a truly method of using web services [8]. REST do not require to add another messaging layer to make the transfer to message as oppose to SOAP, REST transfer its message in the HTTP request. It concretes on design rules for making stateless services. Request and response are built by the transfer of representational of resources. A resource can be essentially the data (object) that may be addressed [6]. Rest recognizes everything as a resource (e.g. User). Each resource has a standard uniform interface, usually an HTTP interface, resources have a name and addresses (URIs). Each resource serves a unique resource since each URL are unique. The different types of operations that can be performed on the resource are done by the different HTTP operations also known as HTTP verbs which are GET, PUT, POST and DELETE. Each resource has one or more representation (JSON, XML, CSV, text, etc.) and the resource representations are transferred across the network [6]. REST allows the creation of ROA but it can be used for both ROA and SOA [3]. RESTful A RESTful web service is the implementation of REST principles. HTTP Methods GET getUser – retrieve user information DELETE deleteUser – delete user PUT createUser– create user HEAD – getInformation – get meta information POST – updateUser – modify user information Features SOAP Independent of transport protocol (http, ftp, tcp, udp , or named pipes) [6] It can perform asynchronous processing and invocation (e.g. JAX-WS) It caters for complex operations which require conversional state and contextual information to be maintained. WS-* SOAP has a different set of XML â€Å"stickers† for its SOAP envelope to provide enhance features to transport its message. These specifications are analogous to HTTP headers. Some of these specifications are described below: WS-Security Enterprise security features are provided by the WS-Security standards. It supports identity through intermediaries, also provides the implementation of data integrity and data privacy [9]. WS-ReliableMessaging Provides reliable messaging that is a successful/retry process built in and provides reliability through soap intermediaries [6]. REST don’t have such feature therefore it should deal with failures by retrying the request. WS-Trust Enables issue, renew and validate security tokens. WS-AtomicTransaction ACID transactions over a service, REST is not ACID compliant. [9] REST Does not enforce message format as XML or JSON or etc. It has a good caching infrastructure which greatly improve performance when the data is not altered often or is not dynamic Security is provided by the transport mechanism (SSL), it does not have dedicated concepts for each, it relies predominantly on HTTPS Description Language WSDL The Web Service Description Language is used to describe SOAP interface in XML format. A client can read the file and know exactly which methods it can call and the signatures of the methods. The client can discover services automatically and generate useable client proxy from the WSDL. Most SOAP web services would be very cumbersome to use without it. The WSDL is a machine-readable file that is an application can parse it and knows how to make a service call. When a service method is called, a POST request is made to the endpoint of the SOAP service which is a single URL for all API call and only POST requests can be made. The signature details are found in the WSDL document. WSDL version 2 caters for HTTP verbs and it can be useful for documenting RESTful system but it will still very verbose [6]. WADL The Web Application Description Language is used to describe RESTful web services using XML grammar. A client can load the WADL file and access the functionality of the RESTful web services directly. A WADL is normally less verbose than a WSDL [6]. However since RESTful web services have simpler interfaces, the WADL is not mandatory as opposed to WSDL is to SOAP-based web services. Message Format XML A client requires an XML parser in order to get the information from the XML document. The parsing of XML has to go through different stages (character conversion, lexical analysis and syntactic analysis) before machine can interpret it. The parsing of XML document can take a lot of time since XML is a very verbose document and as the XML document gets longer much more time is taken to parse it. By replacing XML document with a remote call, there will be a great performance improvement if both sides of the application uses the same binary logic [10]. JavaScript Object Notation XML is mainly used by most web services for request and response messages but a growing number of web services are using simple data structures (such as numbers, array) serialized as JSON-formatted strings. JSON is expected to be used by a JavaScript call; it is much easier to get a JavaScript data structure from JSON than from XML document. Web browsers don’t have a standard JavaScript interface for XML parser as every browser has a different interface for treating XML document. JSON is normally just a string with some constraints with JavaScript so we can say that JSON string is interoperable on all web browsers. JSON is not attached to JavaScript but an alternative data serialisation to XML. JSON is a simple language-independent method of formatting complex data structures (e.g. array, object, etc.) as string. [11] Pros and Cons Pros of SOAP over REST Some programming languages provides some shortcuts, reducing the effort needed to build a request and parse the response. For example with .NET technology, the XML is invisible in the user codes [8]. SOAP has more mature tool support as compare to REST, but this is likely to change in the future [12]. No native support for SOAP in mobile, even though there are third-party libraries to bring SOAP support, out of the box SOAP support is not available. [13] SOAP has a lot of rules thus make it restrictive as compared to REST in the implementation Cons of SOAP over REST It is much simpler to implement REST as compared to SOAP The learning curve for REST is smaller than SOAP The difficulty lies greatly in the chosen programming language to develop it since some IDE automate the process of generate or referencing the WSDL Has support for error handling and the error reporting provides a standard error codes which can be very useful to handle the request and response in the application consuming it. SOAP is sometimes considered to be slower than legacy system such as CORBA or ICE because of being too verbose [14] While some programming language provides some shortcut to SOAP services, it can be very cumbersome in some others such as JavaScript since an XML structure needs to be created each time a request should be made. Distributed environments is best suited for SOAP whereas REST assumes an end-to-end communication Has strict set of rules for every stage of implementation while REST provides a concept and less restrictive with the implementation Uses strongly type messages, which is a problem for loosely coupled systems. If type signature of an operation is changed, all the clients that was using it will failed [15]. REST is flexible for data representation, it is easier to understand as they add an element of using standardized URIs and give importance to HTTP verb used. They are lightweight as they don’t need extra XML mark-up [6]. SOAP uses XML structure which make it slow as compare Statistics A comparison of web services protocol, styles in 2006 and in 2011 from more than 2000 web services are shown below. It clearly demonstrate that most developers have moved from SOAP to REST. The interest in REST is growing very rapidly whose those in SOAP is declining [16]. Figure 2: Comparison of web services usage in 2006 and in 2011 Figure 3: Web service with JSON support Figure 4: New web service with JSON support only Figure 5: Web service with XML support Real Life Scenario Amazon has SOAP and REST based web services and around 85% of their usage is from the REST-based web service [17]. Although all the beautiful name with SOAP, it is an evidence that developers like the simpler one, that is the REST one [18]. Google has deprecated its SOAP services in favour of a RESTful, resource –oriented service [11] Nelson Minar, used SOAP-based web service to design Google API for Google search and AdWord, he stated to be wrong for choosing SOAP [15]. Conclusion SOAP is more useful for complex web service or when there is critical data involve such as banking transaction where retrying the same request can be very critical. If one need a web service up-and-running quickly, it is better to start with REST rather than SOAP. REST is a good option for web service which are meant to be simple, lightweight and fast. However after using one of the web service, it can be almost impossible to change it to the other one. It would be cheaper to re-build the web service. When making your decision on which type of web service to use, the decision should be which one best meets the requirements with the chosen programming language and in which environment it will be used. Even though SOAP is meant to be flexible to change, add new features, expanding it. It is not the case in practise by the use of strongly-type as it can make existing client to stop working just by changing the type of method signature. References 1

Definition of VARK Learning style

A learning style is the way us humans take in information, process, accumulate, and recall it. Students take in and process information in different ways: by seeing and hearing, reflecting and acting, reasoning logically and ostensibly, analyzing and visualizing, steadily and in fits and starts. VARK is commonly used learning style. It stands for visual, auditory, reading and writing, and kinesthetic learners. Summary of My Learning Style A multimodal study strategy is a method used when you have more than one preference that is discrete. It can also be when someone has no preferences to which study strategy they want to use. About 60% of the peoples study strategy is multimodal. Being multimodal means that you have multiple strong points in areas such as aural, reading, and writing. Those who are multimodal are context reserved which means they can choose a single mode to suit the situation. On the other hand, there are others who are not satisfied until they have had input in all of the preferred styles. They take an extensive period to gather information but often have an immersed and expansive understanding. For example, when trying to figure out something that will be brought about physically later, learners that absorb information better hands on do better when trying out something for themselves. In addition, this visual factor aids students to reproduce information on a test better. Different Learning Styles Visual learners gain information from maps such as diagrams, graphs, and charts. They learn things best through seeing them. Instead of using words, they need the information to be broke down into pieces so it is simply to comprehend. They tend to highlight information in difference colors which makes it easier for them to go back and study. These learners need to see the teacher's body language and facial expression to fully comprehend the composition of a lesson. They favor to prefer sitting at the front of the classroom to avoid visual obstructions. A learner who consumes information from listening is an aural learner. In order for them to absorb information, they attend classes and discussions, discuss the topics with their peers, and can describe visuals to other people. By listening, they are able to obtain information. Aural learners are not able to take good notes and they have to read what they have on paper aloud to someone else. They perform well on a test if they spend time alone recalling ideas and speaking answers out loud or inside their head. Most people can’t understand what people say unless it’s in their own words. Auditory learners explicate the underlying meanings of speech through listening to tone of voice, pitch, speed and other distinctions. Written information may have little meaning until it is heard. Learners who learn by reading and writing have a preference for information being delivered as words. After reading information, they have to write it down so they are able to grasp the material. They take in information from places like handouts, textbooks, notes, and glossaries. Powerpoints are a device that helps them summarize the information. They read information in books and the internet and afterwards write the material they read into their own words. This helps them process and retain information longer than just reading or listening. Kinesthetic learners use their senses to obtain material. Kinesthetic persons learn best through a hands-on approach, actively exploring the physical world around them. They find it hard to sit still for long periods and may become distracted by their need for activity and exploration. They take field trips, work with hands on activities, and use trial and error. They also need real life examples, applications and examples of principles. In order for them to learn the information, they need to remember the real life examples and pictures that were used. Lecture notes don’t really help them because they didn’t understand the concrete information from the beginning because it wasn’t relevant to them. They do better on tests if they have a role play for the information and practice problems that are similar to the information. Kinesthetic learners need a visual aid so the information can be drawn out for them into smaller pieces. They tend to draw out the message rather than reading it out loud or writing it. The phrase â€Å"picture is worth a thousand words† is true for people who fall in this category. They need to see how everything is put together in order for them to gather the information. Comparison of Learning Styles The difference between all the learning strategies is the way you absorb information. Unlike reading, writing, and aural learners, kinesthetic learners have to visualize what they are being taught. Aural learners attain information by listening to lectures and discussions. Others can gain information by reading and writing the material. People like me are multimodal learners, meaning that we can’t just stick one way of learning. Conclusion Depending on the subject, I learn better reading and writing or an aural learner. Listening to information more than once helps me occupy the material better. I also have to take notes and read it aloud so I am able to grasp the material. This helps me learn the information faster and I perform well on tests. I would like to try gaining knowledge from visual aids and more hands on activities. My goal is to improve on my weaker areas which are visual learning style and practice strategies that will allow me to build up the weaker areas.

International Business Of The United Kingdom Essay

This is a research paper on international business in the United Kingdom. This paper will show investors everything about the UK and if they wish to invest in the country. Before any person should invest in any place that is unknown to them, they should conduct research like here before you. The following paper includes research like culture, background, trading, business ethics, recent events. An understanding of this information will help you decide on investing. Keywords: international business, culture, background, trading, business ethics Business in the United Kingdom International business today has exceeded more than any person has ever thought it would, countries are doing more trading and importing now than ever. International business can affect everyone, from small business owners to big companies all over the world. A country that comes to mind that does a lot of international business is the United Kingdom (UK). This paper will include the following: the background of the country, economic environment, government policies, international economic integration and business environment, and current events. By the end of this paper you will be able to know everything about the UK and if you want to construct business or take business out of this country. To start a business anywhere you must first conduct research and find the background information of the country that you are planning on starting up. In this case it s the UK, and what exactlyShow MoreRelatedThe United Kingdom And The Uk Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Project 1 The United Kingdom The United Kingdom includes England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. The formal name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital seat of the UK is London, with a population of 10 million people. The foreign exchange rate comparing the UK to the USA is; 1 Britain pound for each 1.33 USA dollar. The government of the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. It utilizes a parliamentary democracy, with parliamentRead MoreUnited Kingdom Case Study962 Words   |  4 PagesUnited Kingdom Starting a new business can be challenging and bring risks as well as great opportunities. Many companies made decisions to do internal business within the United Kingdom and became very successful. The United Kingdom is known for striving progression with innovations. They greatly encourage and support entrepreneurs, creatives and even problem solvers who can assist with helping the economy for the country. This student will be going over a couple of different factors and issues thatRead MoreAir Charter Transportation Industry : Comparative Perspectives1173 Words   |  5 Pagesof air charter transportation around the world, it is worthwhile to have a look at the international regime governing air charters around the world. International Regime It is interesting to note that in commercial airlines, scheduled traffic are comprehensively regulated while the non-scheduled traffic is only required to meet occasional transport requirements. The United National Convention on International Civil Aviation (hereinafter, â€Å"Chicago Convention†) lays down detailed regulations to governRead MoreWeek 2 Assignment Xuelian Li Essay898 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Xuelian Li Week 2 Assignment ACCT 525 Professor Bender March 13, 2015 United Kingdom Adopted IFRS IFRS is a set of accounting standards promulgated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), an international standard-setting body based in London. It was designed as a common global language for business affairs so that company accounts are comparable and understandable across international boundaries (Ghosh, 2010). In June 2002, the European Union (EU) adopted an IAS Regulation requiringRead MoreBuilding A New Start Up Site859 Words   |  4 Pageswork for, Glass Etching Incorporated, has given me the task and opportunity to expand their business by choosing the next location abroad for a new start-up site. Glass Etching Incorporated has been in business since August of 2003 and currently provides services within the United States. The business was originally created in the home of its owners, Tom and Heidi Morgan. Tom and Heidi started this business by selling their products online through various forms of social media websites and buyingRead MoreCulture Different B etween China and Us1374 Words   |  6 PagesChina and United Kingdom which caused by the different culture. The easy is divided into three sections. Firstly, it will describe the differences in daily life between China and United Kingdom. Secondly, it will not only introduce Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures which used for analyzing differences among cultures, but also list the differences between China and United Kingdom. And finally, it will list some particular differences in workplace between China and United Kingdom. DIFFERENCERead MoreUnited Kingdoms Economic Cooperation1136 Words   |  5 PagesUnited Kingdom’s economic cooperation Economic cooperation by various countries is a necessity as opposed to a choice in this globalized world. Many economic partnerships are regional, and all regions on the planet have their own. Examples include the European Union, the Economic Community of West African States, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. There are others that are not regionally based an example being the agreement established by the AfricanRead MoreThe United Kingdom And International Trade Agreement And The Association Of Southeast Asian Nations1128 Words   |  5 PagesNations. There are others that are not regionally based an example being the agreement established by the African Growth and Opportunity Act, which ties the United States and several African governments. The United Kingdom is not immune to these cooperative measures. This paper shall look at the structure. Economic associations â€Å"The United Kingdom continues to be an active member of the European Union though not without significant levels of domestic opposition† (UK.GOV, 2015). It makes use of the tradeRead MoreExecutive Summary : The United Kingdom1510 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary The United Kingdom (UK) is one of the largest economies in Europe ranked at position 13 of the freest economies globally in 2015. The country recorded a GDP of 2.67817 trillion dollars in 2014 with an average annual GDP growth rate of 2.8% in the last five years. The World Bank ranked UK in 10th position as the best place to do business in 2014 based on its high regulations, robust business policies, highly skilled workforce, investors’ protection, developed infrastructure, andRead MoreThe United Kingdom From Membership Of The European Union Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesINFLATION/INTERNATIONAL TRADE] 5.3. DISCUSSIONS [MONEY AND BANKING/MONETARY POLICY/ FISCAL POLICY] 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7. APPENDIX 8. REFERENCESâ€Æ' 3. Executive Summary â€Æ' 4. Introduction and Background The exit of the United Kingdom from membership of the European Union, is also known as Brexit. Derived from Britain and Exit. The United Kingdom held a referendum to decide if they leave the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1975. This was mainly because in 1963 and 1967 the United Kingdom

Phenomenon of Police Brutality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1539 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Police Brutality Essay Did you like this example? Throughout the years, the issue of police brutality against black communities has been a major problem affecting many countries in the United States. Unjustified killings have taken place in the black community, which has clearly led to a national outcry for justice and equality. The issue has become particularly notable in recent years thanks to the numerous murders of young black people that have been committed by police officers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Phenomenon of Police Brutality" essay for you Create order Research shows that young black men were nine times more likely to be murdered by police than other Americans in 2015, with a total death toll 1,134 at the hands of law enforcement authorities ( Swaine et.al., 2015). In todays society, social inequality has become worse with all the cases of horrible acts, and I believe that there needs to be a change in the way our justice system addresses and handles such situations. Brutality in the police is not a new phenomenon. More than a dozen police departments in major cities across the United States have investigated allegations of racial discrimination or police brutality in the Department of Justice ( DOJ) Office of Civil Rights ( OCR) ( Gabbidon and Greene 2013). The black community was deprived of the fact that black lives does not matter. Society needs a proper reality check we need to have a clear understanding of the definition of Community policy, responsibility, accountability, and commitments. The federal government must deal with police brutality because it inaugurates a deeply-rooted structural complication that has caused indescribable amounts of sorrow and rage, as those in command have been overlooked for way too long and demands to act before more lives are lost. Black communities fear for their lives every day and if law enforcement does not take responsibility for injustice, a nation that demands freedom, fairness, and serenity will never have true justice and serenity. In my essay, I will be providing examples of police brutality against black communities and how police brutality affects the health of the people subjected to this sort of torture. As well as, the methods of solving this serious problem with efficiency of the police. Therefore, it demonstrates not only the systematic problem that the police have with the use of deadly force, but also the implicit racial bias that the system continues to perpetuate as people of color are the victims. Standard operating procedures have played an important role in incidents of police brutality, as they are almost always referred to as the main reason why officers should not be sentenced because they act or obey according to the law. But Theresa A, the author of the Racial Profiling Symposium. Martinez believes this was only a racial profiling excuse. Race profiling can be defined in different ways in Martinezs article the use of race as a key factor in police decision-making to stop and interrogate citizens, the use of race as a criterion in the decision-making process during discretionary traffic and field interrogation and race profiling is a crime-fighting strategy a government policy that treats African Americans, Latinos and members of other minority groups as criminal suspects, assuming that catching criminals increases the chances of doing so. ( Martinez, 2004). I have therefore provided incidents that illustrate precisely why this problem needs to be brought to light in o rder to prevent further injury or death. These incidents demonstrate a clear disparity between racial profiling and public safety because too many victims have been claimed in cases where police officers only comply with their instructions. On 16 July 2009, a professor at Harvard University, Henry Louis Gates, had some difficulty getting into his home ( the front door of the house was closed), so he had to force the door open, but an elderly woman caught him in action as a break- in ( Wilkes, 2010). Gates was arrested by the Sgt . James P. Crowley, a Cambridge police officer, on the front porch of his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts ( Wilkes, 2010). Gates police mugs and a photograph of him in handcuffs on his porch, surrounded by armed police officers, have become viral, and a message has been sent to the black community that the police can do whatever they want ( Wilkes, 2010). Because of this story, people realized that until today there had been racial profiling against black people. Blacks deal with excessive strength, abuse and persecution when unnecessary due to their skin color ( Carboda, 2016). On 1 January 2009, a group of young men returning from New Years revelry were pulled out of a train car by Bay Area Rapid Transit ( BART) police officers at a crowded Oakland, California subway station ( McLaughlin et al. 2009). The officers handcuffed most of the young men in response to reports of alleged altercation ( McLaughlin et al. 2009). In the resulting confusion, Grant was seized and pressed face down on the platform, where officer Johannes Mehserle stood above Grant and shot a single shot at his back ( McLaughlin et al., 2009). The ballot pulled off the solid platform and punctured Grants lung seven hours later ( McLaughlin et al., 2009). The event was recorded by passengers on the train with their cell phones ( Stannard and Bulwa, 2009) and in a few days, multiple videos of the incident were uploaded to the Internet from different angles. The incident sparked widespread protests and riots among Oakland residents, leading to comparisons with a black motorist, Rodney King, who was also captured on camera in 1991 ( Egelko, 2009). In addition, historical evidence of the public presence of black bodies by the police dates at least to the era of slavery, when the police controlled blacks and captured those escaping enslavement ( Alang et.al., 2017). Blacks were viciously abused in most cases causing to either extreme injuries or death (Alang et.al., 2017). However, as others have said, brutality is greater than physical strength; emotional and sexual violence, verbal assault and psychological intimidation are involved ( Alang et.al., 2017). The author argues in the article Police Brutality and Black Health that police brutality is a social determinant of health and that, today, little experiential work has linked police brutality to poor health among people who have been disproportionately involved in brutality ( Alang et.al., 2017). In 2005, Dondi Johnson was arrested for public urination in Baltimore, Maryland and put in a police vehicle. Mr. Johnson entered the police vehicle in good health and left a quadrip legic vehicle and later died of vehicle injuries ( Alang et al., 2017). Videos such as Eric Garners saying, I cant breathe 11 times until he lost consciousness or Diamond Reynolds ( Philando Castile s girlfriend who was murdered by police in Falcon Heights, MN, 2016) told the police officer, You shot him with four bullets, sir. He was only licensed and registered, sir. ( Alang et.al., 2017). All these events demonstrate intelligibly that police brutality has a major impact on the health of blacks. These are, after many studies, the intersection of police brutality mechanisms linked to excessive morbidity among blacks; ( 1) fatal injuries that increase population-specific mortality rates death is not immediate for some victims of police brutality, but results from repeated physical injury while in police custody ( Alang et.al., 2017). ( 2) Adverse physiological reactions that increase morbidity witnessing or encountering harassment, routine unjustified inspections and unpunished deaths send a message to the black community that their bodies are police property, disposable and undeserving of equity and dignity. ( Chaney et.al., 2013). ( 3) Racist public relations that cause stress or anxiety arguing that victims were somehow responsible for their own premature murders ( dissecting the murdered peoples guilt or innocence versus understanding how White supremacy might have caused it) ( Alang et.al., 2017). ( 4) Arrests, imprisonment and legal, medical and funeral bills that cause financial strainloss of jobs after imprisonment, brutality survivors may have to deal with disabilities resulting from the excessive use of force by the police ( Alang et.al., 2017). In other words, disability decreases efficiency and the ability to build up financial resources. Financial strain and poverty affect black health by restricting access to healthy food, exposing families to environmental risks and poor housing conditions and making access to health services more difficult ( Szanton et.al., 2010). Finally, ( 5) desegregated brutal structures leading to structured decommissioning unrestricted police forces and insufficient prosecution of perpetrators could give rise to a sense of impotence in the black community, reducing the recognition of gains made by movements of civil rights ( Alang et.al., 2017). Despite all of that, there are certainly ways to prevent this problem and police efficiency, such as community policing, from what I have read, and to reduce the inherent fear of blacks by hiring more people of color who know the communities in which they work can alleviate the problem of police harassment or misbehavior ( Gee, 2004). ( 1) Increase the choice and diversity of the Police Commission by extending the Commission from five to seven members and dividing the appointment authority between the Mayor and the Board of Supervisors ( Gee, 2004). ( 2) To increase the independence of the Police Commission by staggering the terms of the Commissioners and preventing their removal without the consent of the supervisors ( Gee, 2004). ( 3) Making visible that the Office of Citizen Complaints must have permission to manage its investigations with all necessary records and finally, ( 4) enabling the Citizen Complaints Offie to transmit cases to the Police Commission immediately, prohibiti ng cases from being disregarded ( Gee, 2004). Hence, I believe that if all of these are taken into action, the rate of death in police brutality for the black community will decrease.